APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (09/07/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (09-07-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
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đą SDG Index in Northeast: Assam Lags Behind Despite Progress in Select Districts
đ GS Paper 2 (Mains): Governance | Development Processes | Social Justice
đ GS Paper 3 (Mains): Sustainable Development | Environment | Education | Health
đ GS Paper 5 (APSC): Assamâs District Development | Inclusive Growth | Public Service Delivery
đ Prelims: SDG Index | UNDP | NITI Aayog | UDISE+ | NAS
đš Introduction
The recently released North Eastern Region SDG Index 2023â24, jointly developed by NITI Aayog, Ministry of DoNER, and UNDP, reveals a concerning picture for Assam: none of its districts feature in the top 10 across the Northeast. The report evaluates district-wise progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), offering granular insights into regional disparities.
đ Key Highlights from the Report
| Indicator | Observation |
| Top Performing Assam District | Dibrugarh (Rank 17, Score: 74.29) |
| Worst Performing Assam Districts | South SalmaraâMankachar (Rank 118), West Karbi Anglong, Udalguri |
| National Comparisons | Assam districts fall below national average in learning outcomes, dropout rates, forest cover, and health |
| NER Top Performers | Hnahthial (Mizoram), Gomati (Tripura), Mokokchung (Nagaland), Gangtok (Sikkim) |
| Major Gaps | SDG 3 (Health), SDG 4 (Education), SDG 9 (Infrastructure), SDG 13 (Climate Action) |
| Forest Cover Decline | 72 districts across NE reported forest loss (ISFR 2023) |
đ§ Prelims Pointers
SDG Index (NER): Tracks 121 out of 131 NE districts on 84 indicators
NITI Aayog & UNDP: Collaborate with DoNER to publish India and NE-specific SDG reports
UDISE+ (2023â24): Key source for school infrastructure and dropout rate data
NAS (2021): Found over 66% NE districts had lower-than-average learning outcomes for Grade 8
Forest Loss: Based on India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023; Assam among affected states
Aspirant Districts: 0-49 score; Assam has no Aspirants, but many low-ranking Front Runners
đ Mains Pointers
A. Significance of SDG Index at District Level
| Domain | Benefit |
| Localized Planning | Enables district-wise prioritization of schemes |
| Data-Driven Governance | Helps track progress using verifiable indicators |
| Inter-District Benchmarking | Encourages healthy competition among districts |
| International Alignment | Localizes global 2030 Agenda within Indian federal structure |
B. Challenges for Assam
| Challenge | Impact |
| Educational Gaps | High dropout rate (Class 9â10), poor foundational learning |
| Health Infrastructure | Shortage of PHCs, maternal mortality still high in backward districts |
| Climate & Environment | Shrinking forest cover, low access to clean cooking fuel |
| UrbanâRural Divide | Infrastructure development concentrated around Guwahati & Dibrugarh |
| Data Gaps | Missing or outdated data for nearly 20% of indicators in remote districts |
C. Government Interventions
| Scheme/Program | Relevance |
| Aspirational Districts Programme | Focus on Barpeta, Darrang, Goalpara, Dhubri, Hailakandi, Baksa, etc. |
| Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan | Improving dropout rates and school infrastructure |
| Jal Jeevan Mission | Access to safe drinking water in rural districts |
| PM Poshan | Nutritional support to reduce hunger (SDG 2) |
| Mission Basundhara 2.0 | Digitization of land records for governance reform |
| State SDG Cell, Assam | Working under Planning & Development Dept. to localize SDGs |
D. Way Forward
| Strategy | Recommendation |
| District SDG Action Plans | Each DC should prepare time-bound, outcome-linked plans |
| Improved Data Monitoring | Invest in real-time dashboard and UDISE+ upgrades |
| Tribal & Border Area Focus | Tailored schemes for West Karbi Anglong, South Salmara, Baksa |
| Strengthen Local Institutions | Involve PRIs, SHGs, NGOs for grassroots implementation |
| Green Growth Approach | Focus on forest conservation, sustainable agri-forestry in SDG plans |
đ Reports & Frameworks
NER SDG Index 2023â24 â NITI Aayog, UNDP, Ministry of DoNER
India SDG Index (National) â NITI Aayog
India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023 â FSI
Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE+)
National Achievement Survey (NAS) 2021
Global SDG Framework 2030 â United Nations
𧊠Conclusion
The SDG Index highlights the urgent developmental disparities within Assamâs districts and across the Northeast. While some districts like Dibrugarh and Sivasagar show promise, much of Assam lags in health, education, infrastructure, and environmental metrics. Moving forward, a bottom-up, district-led, and data-backed approach is key to achieving inclusive and sustainable growth.
đ Smuggling of Gold and Foreign Cigarettes via Assam: A Growing Internal Security and Economic Threat
đ GS Paper 3 (Mains): Internal Security | Border Management | Organized Crime
đ GS Paper 2 (Mains): Governance | Centre-State Relations | Law Enforcement
đ GS Paper 5 (APSC): Border Trade Issues in Assam | Law & Order | NE-Specific Smuggling Routes
đ Prelims: Smuggling Routes | Enforcement Directorate | Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) | Cigarette & Gold Smuggling
đš Introduction
A new investigation by enforcement agencies has revealed that Assam is increasingly being used as a corridor for smuggling of foreign-origin gold and contraband cigarettes, with routes originating from Myanmar and Bhutan, passing through Northeast India into the national market. This rising trend poses a threat to economic security, public health, and national integrity.
đ Key Details from the News
| Feature | Description |
| Items Smuggled | Foreign cigarettes (primarily from SE Asia), gold biscuits |
| Smuggling Route | Myanmar â Mizoram/Manipur border â Assam â West Bengal/Delhi |
| Hotspots in Assam | Silchar, Karimganj, Guwahati, Barpeta Road, Bongaigaon |
| Method Used | Hidden compartments in trucks, buses, parcel couriers, mule networks |
| Enforcement Action | Joint operations by DRI, Assam Police, Customs; seizures made in multiple districts |
| Financial Scale | Cigarette smuggling alone estimated to cause âš1,200 crore annual tax loss nationally |
| Health Impact | Smuggled cigarettes bypass Indian tobacco regulationâno pictorial warning, unregulated nicotine |
| Gold Angle | Used in hawala transactions and money laundering; links to NE-based insurgent networks suspected |
đ§ Prelims Pointers
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI): Lead agency under CBIC for anti-smuggling operations
Assamâs Strategic Location: Shares borders with Bhutan, Nagaland, Mizoram, and is close to porous Myanmar routes
COTPA Act, 2003: Regulates tobacco product packaging, sale, and public use
Customs Act, 1962: Authorizes seizure and prosecution in smuggling cases
Narcotics and Contraband Trends: NE corridor also used for yaba pills, heroin, arms
Gold Smuggling: Frequently linked to undervaluation, cash hoarding, and terror funding
đ Mains Pointers
A. Why the Northeast is Vulnerable
| Factor | Explanation |
| Porous Borders | Inadequate fencing and patrolling on Myanmar, Bhutan, and Bangladesh fronts |
| Dense Forest Terrain | Helps in evading surveillance; ideal for foot couriers and drones |
| Poor Detection Infrastructure | Few scanners or inspection hubs at transit points |
| Organized Crime Networks | Mule networks incentivize poor locals; insurgents may benefit from gold-to-arms conversion |
| Low Awareness | Local transporters often unaware they are carrying illegal cargo |
B. Consequences of Rising Smuggling
| Domain | Impact |
| Economic | Huge loss of GST and excise revenue, undercuts legal businesses |
| Health | Cheap smuggled cigarettes worsen addiction, evade statutory warnings |
| Security | Smuggling networks overlap with drug cartels, insurgents, and fake currency suppliers |
| Governance | Undermines law enforcement credibility, creates illicit economies in rural belts |
C. Institutional and Governmental Response
| Agency | Action |
| DRI & CBIC | Targeted intelligence operations, customs raids in Guwahati, Karimganj |
| Assam Police | Joint task forces with paramilitary support in border zones |
| Enforcement Directorate (ED) | Probes into hawala channels and money laundering |
| MoF (Finance) | Inter-agency anti-smuggling coordination through National Economic Offence Coordination Centre (NEOCC) |
| Public Campaigns | Anti-tobacco drives with awareness about illegal cigarettes |
D. Way Forward
| Strategy | Recommendation |
| Smart Surveillance | Install AI-enabled cameras, drones, and scanners at NE entry-exit points |
| Border Community Engagement | Use SHGs and village councils for information sharing |
| Financial Intelligence | Track suspicious gold/jewelry transactions, link with hawala reporting |
| Legal Reform | Strengthen provisions of COTPA and make smuggling a more serious IPC offence |
| Regional Coordination | Improve border trade compliance with Bhutan and Myanmar through diplomatic talks |
đ Reports & Acts
Customs Act, 1962
COTPA (Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act), 2003
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985
Indiaâs National Tobacco Control Programme
Assam State Police Annual Crime Review (2024) â Shows 35% increase in contraband-related arrests in Lower Assam
𧊠Conclusion
The invisible economy of smuggling through Assam is a multi-dimensional threatânot only eroding government revenues but also jeopardizing public health and national security. A technology-led, community-backed, and intelligence-driven approach is the need of the hour to curb this growing menace.
â ī¸ Flood-Induced Infrastructure Damage in Assam: The Case of Railway Disruption in Dima Hasao
đ GS Paper 3 (Mains): Disaster Management | Infrastructure | Environment
đ GS Paper 2 (Mains): Governance | Federal Coordination | Development Challenges
đ GS Paper 5 (APSC): Assam Floods | Infrastructure in Hill Areas | Transportation
đ Prelims: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) | NF Railway | JatingaâHaflong Line | Flood-Prone Zones in Assam
đš Introduction
Heavy rainfall and landslides triggered by monsoon floods have once again disrupted railway services in Dima Hasao, with mudslides damaging tracks near Mahur and Jatinga stations. The incident highlights the vulnerability of Assamâs hill infrastructure, especially in flood-prone and ecologically fragile areas.
đ Key Points from the News
| Feature | Description |
| Location Affected | JatingaâMahur stretch, Dima Hasao district (NF Railway Zone) |
| Nature of Damage | Track washout, landslides, and debris accumulation |
| Impact | Suspension of passenger and freight trains; isolation of hill districts |
| Broader Issue | Annual flooding across Brahmaputra valley also damaging embankments, culverts, and highways |
| Climate Trend | Rainfall intensity increased in Upper Assam and hill districts in July 2025 |
| Railway Response | Repair underway, but accessibility for equipment difficult due to terrain |
| NDMA Concern | Cited repeat flood losses due to weak climate-resilient infrastructure |
đ§ Prelims Pointers
Dima Hasao: Hilly district in Southern Assam, prone to landslides during monsoons
Jatinga: Known for the bird mystery, also a vulnerable point for rail erosion
NF Railway Zone: Governs railway network in Assam and NE; head office in Maligaon, Guwahati
NDMA Guidelines: Advocates flood zoning, rail embankment reinforcement, and early warning systems
Assamâs Flood Profile: Nearly 40% of Assamâs area is flood-prone; highest among Indian states
đ Mains Pointers
A. Significance of Infrastructure in Dima Hasao
| Domain | Relevance |
| Connectivity | Links hill areas to Barak Valley and Brahmaputra Valley |
| Economic Lifeline | Essential for tea exports, food supplies, and freight to Mizoram |
| Strategic Importance | Alternative access route to bordering NE states like Manipur and Tripura |
| Disaster Sensitivity | One of the most landslide-prone railway corridors in NE India |
B. Key Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Terrain Fragility | Steep gradients and weak soil layers increase landslide risk |
| Lack of Drainage Planning | Rainwater logging along tracks due to poor culvert maintenance |
| Inadequate Monitoring | Sensors for slope movement or rainfall not installed in vulnerable spots |
| Climate Change | Erratic monsoon and cloudbursts are rising in intensity and frequency |
| Institutional Gaps | NF Railway lacks dedicated Disaster Response Teams at district level |
C. Government and Railway Response
| Agency | Action Taken |
| NF Railway | Temporary suspension of services, initiated repairs |
| Assam Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) | Mobilizing debris clearance and providing relief to stranded passengers |
| NDMA | Suggested long-term realignment and tunnel-based construction in vulnerable sections |
| State PWD & Rural Roads Dept. | Engaged in parallel restoration of feeder roads and hill tracks |
| Ministry of Railways | Reviewing climate-resilient track engineering under new IRSDP |
D. Way Forward
| Strategy | Recommendation |
| Climate-Resilient Railways | Use of geosynthetics, concrete retaining walls, and flexible sleepers |
| Early Warning Tech | Install rainfall-triggered landslide detection systems |
| Tunnel Projects | Explore Swiss-model tunnels in extremely vulnerable zones |
| Integrated Corridor Development | Combine roads, railways, and telecom towers under single safety protocol |
| Community-Based Watch | Train locals in high-risk zones for slope observation and alerts |
đ Relevant Frameworks and Reports
National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)
NDMA Guidelines for Rail Infrastructure in Disaster Zones (2019)
IRSDP (Indian Railways Sustainable Development Policy)
Assam State Disaster Risk Reduction Roadmap
State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC), Assam
𧊠Conclusion
The recurring railway disruptions in flood-hit Dima Hasao illustrate the urgent need for climate-resilient infrastructure planning in Assamâs hills. Going forward, only a proactive, technology-enabled, and community-partnered approach can ensure continuity of services and protect human lives in these fragile zones.
𧞠e-Stamping in Assam: Digital Governance Reform to Curb Revenue Leakage
đ GS Paper 2 (Mains): Governance | e-Governance | Transparency and Accountability
đ GS Paper 3 (Mains): Indian Economy | Taxation | Public Finance
đ GS Paper 5 (APSC): Reforms in Assam | Land and Revenue Administration | Digital Assam
đ Prelims: e-Stamping | Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd (SHCIL) | Stamp Act | Digital India
đš Introduction
To improve ease of doing business and plug revenue leakage, the Government of Assam has launched a comprehensive e-stamping system across the state, in partnership with Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd (SHCIL). This initiative replaces traditional physical stamp papers with a secure, tamper-proof digital alternative, improving transparency in transactions like property registration, affidavits, agreements, and bonds.
đ Key Highlights from the News
| Feature | Description |
| Launch Agency | Government of Assam (Revenue Department) in collaboration with SHCIL |
| Objective | End use of physical stamp paper to eliminate fraud and delays |
| Geographic Coverage | State-wide rollout across all districts |
| Document Types Covered | Land deeds, rental agreements, affidavits, power of attorney, loan documents, etc. |
| Cost Efficiency | No printing, distribution or stock maintenance cost; real-time revenue collection |
| Benefits | Instant validation, traceability, reduces human error and document forgery |
| Implementation Model | Authorised Collection Centres and online access via SHCIL portal |
đ§ Prelims Pointers
SHCIL: A government-authorized agency for e-stamping under Ministry of Finance
e-Stamping: A computer-based application to pay non-judicial stamp duty
Indian Stamp Act, 1899: Governs stamp duties on financial and legal instruments
Digital India Programme: Umbrella initiative for paperless, cashless, and faceless governance
Revenue Leakage: Loss of government income due to stamp paper fraud, duplication, or undervaluation
đ Mains Pointers
A. Significance of e-Stamping for Assam
| Dimension | Impact |
| Transparency | Prevents duplication, forgery, and fake stamp paper scams |
| Revenue Mobilization | Ensures full realization of non-tax revenue through automated tracking |
| Administrative Efficiency | Reduces workload of sub-registrars and treasury officers |
| Ease of Governance | Reduces middlemen and corruption in document execution |
| Citizen-Centric Services | Ensures faster processing of property transactions and legal documents |
B. Challenges in Implementation
| Challenge | Description |
| Digital Divide | Many rural users, especially older citizens, unfamiliar with online process |
| Dependence on Agents | Possibility of new rent-seeking by cyber cafÊs or collection agents |
| Server Downtime | Without robust backup, system outages can delay transactions |
| Legal Literacy | People unaware of which documents require stamping and how much duty applies |
| Interdepartmental Coordination | Land, revenue, and judiciary departments must integrate their systems for maximum efficiency |
C. Government & Institutional Interventions
| Department/Agency | Role |
| Revenue Dept, Assam | Policy formulation and implementation oversight |
| SHCIL | Technology provider and custodian of e-stamping records |
| Department of Registration | Alignment of sub-registrar offices to digital payment modes |
| NIC & IT Dept | Technical backbone for integration with land and finance portals |
| Assam Right to Public Services Commission | Oversight to ensure timely and transparent service delivery |
D. Way Forward
| Strategy | Recommendation |
| Public Awareness | Run campaigns in Assamese, Bodo, and tribal languages to educate citizens |
| Legal Helpline | Provide stamp duty calculators and call-center assistance via RTPS portal |
| Grievance Redress | Add complaint redress features to e-stamping portal |
| Digital Literacy | Include e-governance basics in school and panchayat training programs |
| Backend Integration | Link with Mission Basundhara, Dharitree portal, and property tax records |
đ Relevant Policies and Reports
Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (Amended 2019)
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
Digital India Framework (MeitY)
Assam Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) Index, 2024
15th Finance Commission Recommendations on Revenue Mobilization
𧊠Conclusion
The rollout of e-stamping in Assam marks a transformative step in revenue administration and legal transparency. If implemented with inclusivity and digital infrastructure support, this reform can significantly reduce corruption, delay, and inefficiency in Assamâs document and property-based governance ecosystem.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
đš TOPIC 1: SDG Index â Assam’s Performance
Q1. With reference to the North Eastern Region SDG Index 2023â24, consider the following statements:
- The index is jointly developed by NITI Aayog, Ministry of DoNER, and UNDP.
- No district from Assam features in the top 10 ranked districts.
- The index covers all 121 districts of the Northeast.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
â
Answer: (d)
đ Explanation: All three statements are correct. The NER SDG Index is a joint initiative covering all 121 NE districts. Assamâs top district (Dibrugarh) ranked 17th.
Q2. Which of the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has Assam performed poorly in, as per recent NER SDG data?
- SDG 3 â Good Health and Well-Being
- SDG 4 â Quality Education
- SDG 13 â Climate Action
- SDG 5 â Gender Equality
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
â
Answer: (b)
đ Explanation: Assam lags in SDG 3, 4, and 13. Gender indicators (SDG 5) have shown relative improvement, especially in districts like Kamrup Metro and Dibrugarh.
đš TOPIC 2: Smuggling through Assam
Q3. Consider the following statements about the recent rise in smuggling activities through Assam:
- Assam has become a corridor for smuggling of foreign-origin cigarettes and gold.
- Smuggled cigarettes are mostly routed via Bhutan and carry standard Indian health warnings.
- Gold smuggling through Assam is suspected to be linked to insurgent funding networks.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
â
Answer: (a)
đ Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: Assam is now a major corridor.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: Smuggled cigarettes lack Indian statutory warnings.
- Statement 3 is correct: Gold smuggling networks have suspected links to illegal financing and insurgents.
Q4. Which of the following agencies are involved in anti-smuggling operations in Assam?
- Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
- Enforcement Directorate (ED)
- Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
- Assam Police
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 3 only
â
Answer: (c)
đ Explanation: All agencies listed are involved. ED investigates money laundering links; DRI, NCB, and Assam Police conduct seizures and arrests.
đš TOPIC 3: Flood Disruption in Dima Hasao
Q5. The JatingaâMahur railway section, recently affected by landslides, is located in:
(a) Barak Valley
(b) Dima Hasao district
(c) Upper Assam tea belt
(d) Lakhimpur district
â
Answer: (b)
đ Explanation: The disrupted stretch lies in Dima Hasao, a hilly, landslide-prone district in Southern Assam.
Q6. Which of the following are causes of repeated flood-induced railway disruption in Assam’s hill districts?
- Fragile terrain and steep gradients
- Absence of early warning systems
- Concrete tunneling through hills
- Increased rainfall intensity due to climate change
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
â
Answer: (a)
đ Explanation:
- Statement 3 is incorrect: Concrete tunnels are a proposed solution, not a cause.
- The rest correctly describe existing issues.
đš TOPIC 4: e-Stamping Reform in Assam
Q7. What is the primary purpose of implementing e-stamping in Assam?
(a) Enable digital submission of property tax
(b) Prevent fraud and revenue leakage in stamp duty collection
(c) Digitally record all police case diaries
(d) Replace the Registration Act with blockchain-based documentation
â
Answer: (b)
đ Explanation: The move aims to eliminate physical stamp paper fraud and improve transparency and revenue collection in legal transactions.
Q8. Consider the following statements regarding e-stamping in India:
- Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd (SHCIL) is the official central record-keeping agency.
- e-Stamping has legal validity equivalent to traditional stamp papers.
- Assam is the first Indian state to roll out e-stamping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
â
Answer: (a)
đ Explanation:
Statement 3 is incorrect: Many states including Karnataka, Delhi, Gujarat adopted it earlier.
Statement 1 is correct: SHCIL is the authorized agency.
Statement 2 is correct: e-stamping is fully legal under the Indian Stamp Act.
APSC Mains Practice Question
â Question:
Discuss the growing challenge of contraband smuggling through Northeast India, especially Assam. How does this affect India’s internal security and economy? Suggest a comprehensive strategy to address the issue.
(Word Limit: 250)
â Model Answer:
đ¸ Introduction
Assam, due to its strategic location bordering Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, has emerged as a transit hub for smuggling of foreign-origin cigarettes, gold, drugs, and arms. The recent seizures of illegal cigarettes and gold by DRI and Assam Police highlight a rising trend that poses both economic and security risks.
đš Key Implications
- Economic Impact
- Estimated âš1,200+ crore annual tax loss from illegal cigarette trade.
- Loss of customs duty and GST from gold smuggling.
- Undermines legal businesses and promotes black markets.
- Internal Security Threat
- Smuggled gold often linked to hawala networks and terror financing.
- Overlap with insurgent financing and narcotics trade in NE.
- Weak enforcement invites transnational criminal syndicates.
- Public Health Concern
- Foreign cigarettes violate Indiaâs COTPA 2003 normsâno health warnings, high nicotine.
- Border Management Challenge
- Porous and unfenced borders, difficult terrain, and limited surveillance infrastructure.
đš Suggested Strategy
| Domain | Recommendation |
| Technology | Install scanners, drones, AI-based surveillance at border outposts. |
| Community Role | Train border villagers as âwatch volunteersâ (similar to Van Rakshak model). |
| Legal Reform | Classify large-scale smuggling under organized crime laws. |
| Institutional Coordination | Joint task forces between DRI, ED, NCB, State Police. |
| Awareness | Public campaigns on dangers of illegal tobacco and consumer vigilance. |
đ¸ Conclusion
The rise of smuggling through Assam is no longer just an economic issueâit is a multi-dimensional national threat. Tackling it requires a holistic approach combining technology, governance reform, local engagement, and strong inter-agency coordination, particularly in Indiaâs Northeast.
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