APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (27/10/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (27-10-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
✨ APSC CCE Online Coaching, 2026
🇮🇳 Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra: A National Outreach for Saturation of Welfare Schemes
📘 GS Paper 2: Governance | Welfare Schemes | Public Policy Implementation
📘 GS Paper 5 (Assam): Governance, Rural Development & Public Service Delivery
🔹 Introduction
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the “Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra (VBSY)” from Gujarat on 25 October 2025, marking a nationwide public outreach campaign aimed at achieving 100% saturation of Central Government welfare schemes at the grassroots level.
The yatra seeks to ensure that every eligible citizen—especially from rural, tribal, and border regions—receives the benefits of flagship programs related to housing, health, sanitation, electricity, pensions, and entrepreneurship.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Launch Date & Venue | 25 October 2025 – Gujarat |
| Implementing Agency | Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (Nodal), in coordination with NITI Aayog and State Governments |
| Duration | October 2025 – March 2026 |
| Coverage Target | All 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and urban wards of India |
| Objective | 100% saturation of central and state flagship schemes |
| Tagline / Motto | “Sarkar Aapke Dwaar” (Government at Your Doorstep) |
| Approach | Mobile Information Vans, Gram Sabhas, exhibitions, on-spot enrolment and beneficiary verification |
| Core Focus Areas | Health (Ayushman Bharat), Housing (PM Awas Yojana), Finance (Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile), LPG (Ujjwala), Water (Jal Jeevan Mission), Employment (PMEGP, Mudra), Farmer support (PM-KISAN) |
| Digital Component | Real-time data dashboard for beneficiary tracking and saturation mapping |
⚙️ Salient Features
Last-Mile Governance Mission: Direct delivery of welfare benefits to unreached populations.
Whole-of-Government Approach: Involves 30+ Ministries/Departments working in synergy.
Jan Bhagidari (People’s Participation): Focus on citizen awareness and on-the-spot enrolment camps.
Technological Integration: Use of Digital India platforms for biometric verification and real-time progress tracking.
Inclusion Focus: Prioritizes Aspirational Districts, tribal areas, border villages, and islands.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra: Launched on 25 Oct 2025 to achieve 100% scheme saturation.
“Saturation Approach”: Governance model ensuring no eligible beneficiary is left out of key welfare schemes.
Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.
Core Schemes Covered: PM-KISAN, PM-Awas Yojana, PM-JAY, PM Ujjwala Yojana, PMEGP, Jal Jeevan Mission, PM Gram Sadak Yojana, PM Vishwakarma Yojana.
Similar Past Initiative: Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, Sabka Prayas campaign.
Digital Dashboard Developed By: National Informatics Centre (NIC) & NITI Aayog.
Related Term: Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP) – launched 2023 for sub-district-level development.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance
Administrative Efficiency: Simplifies beneficiary identification and service delivery through direct interaction.
Social Inclusion: Focuses on women, SC/ST, minorities, and remote populations.
Transparency and Accountability: Real-time dashboards prevent duplication and leakage.
Grassroots Empowerment: Strengthens Panchayati Raj institutions as facilitation hubs.
Economic Multiplier Effect: Increased access to housing, credit, and livelihoods stimulates rural growth.
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Data Gaps & Verification | Difficulty in identifying genuine beneficiaries and linking Aadhaar records. |
| Digital Divide | Limited connectivity in tribal/border areas affects registration. |
| Coordination Deficits | Overlapping jurisdiction among Centre, State, and local bodies. |
| Capacity Constraints | Shortage of trained personnel for on-ground implementation. |
| Behavioural Gaps | Low awareness, bureaucratic inertia, and corruption risks. |
C. Government Efforts to Address Gaps
Aspirational Districts & Blocks Programme (ADP/ABP): Targeted governance in low-HDI regions.
Digital India Mission 2.0: Enhancing last-mile connectivity and e-service delivery.
PM Vishwakarma Yojana (2023): Linking artisans to formal credit and training.
Local Governance Digitisation Drive (2024): e-Gram Swaraj portal and citizen feedback systems.
Capacity-Building via Mission Karmayogi: Training local officials for mission-mode delivery.
D. Way Forward
Convergent Planning: Integrate all welfare data on a single “Jan Samridhi Dashboard.”
Strengthen Gram Sabha Role: Community validation of beneficiary lists.
Incentivize Performance: Rank districts and states on scheme saturation index.
Enhance Citizen Feedback: Use WhatsApp chatbots, toll-free numbers for grievance redressal.
Periodic Social Audits: Ensure transparency and plug implementation leakages.
📊 Relevant Data & Reports
NITI Aayog (2024): ~60% of rural India achieved full coverage under PM-JAY, PM-KISAN, and PM-Awas Yojana.
World Bank (2023): Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) reforms saved India ₹2.2 lakh crore since 2015.
Assam-Specific: 95% rural households have bank accounts (as per NFHS-5); yet lag in housing and water coverage in chars and hill districts.
🧩 Conclusion
The Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra epitomizes a new governance paradigm—moving from “programme delivery” to “citizen empowerment.”
Its success depends on how effectively India’s administrative machinery converts intent into impact by merging technology, coordination, and citizen trust at the grassroots level.
If implemented inclusively, it can become the blueprint for realizing “Viksit Bharat @2047” through participatory, transparent, and result-oriented governance.
🎋 Northeast’s Bamboo Export Boost under ODOP Initiative: Harnessing ‘Green Gold’ for Sustainable Livelihoods
📘 GS Paper 3: Economic Development | Environment | Resource-based Industries
📘 GS Paper 5: Assam Economy | Local Industries | Rural Livelihood and Development
🔹 Introduction
The North Eastern Region (NER), home to over 65% of India’s bamboo reserves, is witnessing a renewed policy focus on bamboo-based industries and exports under the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative.
According to reports in The Assam Tribune (26 Oct 2025), Assam, Tripura, and Mizoram are spearheading efforts to enhance bamboo exports to Bangladesh, Nepal, and Southeast Asia — aligning with the national vision of promoting “green growth and local livelihoods.”
This initiative is transforming bamboo from a traditional craft resource into a sustainable industrial raw material and export commodity.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Policy Framework | One District One Product (ODOP) under PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) scheme, Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI). |
| Focus Region | Assam (Dima Hasao, Cachar, Karbi Anglong), Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh. |
| Product Diversification | Bamboo flooring, furniture, incense sticks, charcoal, handicrafts, tissue paper pulp, and biochar. |
| Recent Export Trends | NE exports up by 22% in FY 2024–25; Bangladesh remains top importer. |
| Nodal Support Agencies | North Eastern Council (NEC), North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC), KVIC, TRIFED. |
| Major Buyers | Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, and Japan (for laminated bamboo boards). |
| Assam’s Key ODOP Bamboo Districts | Cachar (bamboo handicrafts), Hojai (incense sticks), Karbi Anglong (bamboo furniture). |
⚙️ Context: Why Bamboo Matters
Abundant Resource: 136 species; over 8.5 million hectares under bamboo in India (FSI 2023).
Employment Potential: Bamboo sector employs 10 lakh+ people across India, especially in NER.
Ecological Role: Prevents soil erosion, acts as a carbon sink, and supports climate adaptation.
Economic Value: Global bamboo market expected to reach USD 90 billion by 2030 (FAO).
🧠 Prelims Pointers
ODOP Initiative: Promotes district-level specialization in unique products for global branding and value addition.
PMFME Scheme: Centrally sponsored scheme (2020–25) with a 60:40 funding ratio between Centre and States.
Bamboo as Grass: Classified as a grass, not tree, under the Indian Forest (Amendment) Act, 2017 — enabling easier harvesting and transport.
Bamboo Technology Park: Established in Chaygaon (Assam) and Tuirial (Mizoram).
Agencies Involved:
NBM (National Bamboo Mission): Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
APEDA: Facilitates export under the Agricultural & Processed Food category.
Important Species: Bambusa tulda, Bambusa balcooa, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance for Northeast and Assam
| Dimension | Impact |
| Rural Livelihoods | Bamboo value chain supports artisans, women SHGs, and tribal communities. |
| Export Potential | Border trade with Bangladesh & Nepal offers low-transport-cost advantage. |
| Industrial Linkages | Encourages local MSMEs in furniture, paper, and packaging. |
| Environmental Benefits | Carbon sequestration and eco-restoration in degraded hills. |
| Cultural Continuity | Preserves indigenous knowledge and traditional craftsmanship. |
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Lack of Processing Units | Limited industrial-grade bamboo treatment and drying facilities. |
| Logistics Bottlenecks | High transport cost due to poor road and rail connectivity. |
| Market Fragmentation | Artisans dependent on middlemen; low direct export capability. |
| Policy Coordination Gaps | Overlap between NBM, NEC, KVIC, and State Departments. |
| Awareness & Branding Deficit | Lack of international certification and design innovation. |
C. Government Initiatives
National Bamboo Mission (NBM) – Focus on cluster development, nurseries, and post-harvest infrastructure.
ODOP + GI Tagging Integration: Bamboo crafts from Dima Hasao and Tripura being proposed for Geographical Indication (GI).
Bamboo Value Chain Development Plan (2024–2030) – NEC and NABARD collaboration for credit and processing.
Export Promotion by APEDA (2024): Export facilitation centres in Guwahati and Agartala.
Skill Development: Under PM Vishwakarma and PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana for bamboo artisans.
D. Way Forward
Cluster-Based Industrialisation: Establish integrated bamboo industrial estates with common facilities.
Research and Innovation: Encourage IIT Guwahati and NERIST for bamboo composite R&D.
Branding & Certification: Create “Assam Bamboo” brand under India Handloom/Bamboo mark.
Cross-Border Trade Infrastructure: Set up Border Haats and SEZs along Assam–Bangladesh border.
Eco-Finance Models: Use carbon credits and green bonds for bamboo plantation expansion.
Women-Centric Value Chains: Promote women’s SHGs in incense and handicraft production.
📊 Relevant Data & Reports
Forest Survey of India (2023): Assam has ~18% of India’s total bamboo-bearing area.
NEC Report (2024): Bamboo exports from NE reached ₹280 crore, up 22% YoY.
UNEP 2024 Report: Bamboo cultivation can sequester 300 tons of CO₂ per hectare over 30 years.
World Bank NE Livelihood Project: 1.5 lakh bamboo artisans trained since 2020.
🧩 Conclusion
The North East’s bamboo economy exemplifies how local resources can power global sustainability.
Under the ODOP framework, bamboo is emerging as “Green Gold”—linking ecological conservation, economic empowerment, and regional diplomacy through trade.
To truly realize its potential, Assam and its neighbours must integrate infrastructure, innovation, and inclusivity, ensuring that bamboo not only grows in their forests but also in their economies.
⚡ India’s First National Energy Transition Report by NITI Aayog: Pathway to Net-Zero 2070
📘 GS Paper 3: Energy | Environment | Climate Change | Economic Development
📘 GS Paper 5: Assam and North East – Renewable Energy & Sustainability
🔹 Introduction
On 25 October 2025, NITI Aayog released India’s first “National Energy Transition Report”, providing a detailed roadmap to achieve Net-Zero carbon emissions by 2070, as committed at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021).
The report presents a sector-wise transition blueprint—covering electricity, transport, industry, and agriculture—emphasizing a just, equitable, and regionally balanced transition.
It envisions India as a global clean energy hub, driven by green hydrogen, renewables, biofuels, and digital energy management, while ensuring economic growth and job security.
🔑 Key Points from the Report
| Aspect | Details |
| Released By | NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Ministry of Power, MNRE, and World Bank |
| Report Title | “National Energy Transition Report 2025: Pathway to Net-Zero 2070” |
| Objective | To provide an actionable policy roadmap for achieving India’s 2070 Net-Zero target |
| Base Year for Modelling | FY 2022–23 |
| Approach | “Just Transition Framework” – balancing growth, jobs, and environmental sustainability |
| Key Focus Sectors | Power, Transport, Industry, Buildings, and Agriculture |
| Strategic Pillars | 1. Energy Efficiency 2. Renewable Integration 3. Decarbonised Industry 4. Green Finance 5. Regional Energy Equity |
| Regional Priority | Northeast identified for bioenergy, bamboo biomass, and micro-hydro expansion |
| Expected Investment | $12 trillion cumulative till 2070 (approx. ₹1,000 lakh crore) |
⚙️ Sectoral Highlights
Power Sector
80% of India’s electricity to come from renewables by 2070.
Coal’s share to drop from 72% (2023) to 10% (2070).
Focus on grid-scale storage, green hydrogen, and decentralized solar.
Transport
100% electrification of 2- and 3-wheelers by 2040.
Expansion of biofuel blending (E20 by 2030, E85 by 2050).
Urban electric mobility and hydrogen fuel cell buses by 2045.
Industry
Steel, cement, and fertilizer sectors to adopt green hydrogen and CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization & Storage).
Energy efficiency norms under Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) 3.0.
Agriculture
Shift to solar-powered irrigation (PM-KUSUM), organic farming, and residue-based biogas.
Finance
Green bonds, carbon trading markets, and sovereign green funds as key funding tools.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Net-Zero Target Year: 2070 (announced at COP26).
Five Elements of Panchamrit (COP26 Commitments):
1️⃣ 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030
2️⃣ 50% energy from renewables by 2030
3️⃣ Reduction of carbon intensity by 45%
4️⃣ Reduction of 1 billion tonnes CO₂ by 2030
5️⃣ Net-Zero by 2070
Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): ₹19,744 crore outlay to produce 5 MMT green hydrogen annually by 2030.
Energy Transition Index (WEF 2024): India ranked 63rd (up 6 positions).
Carbon Market Scheme (2024): India’s national carbon trading platform launched under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022.
Assam’s Role: 10 MW pilot solar-fuel hybrid plants; bamboo-based bioethanol under Numaligarh Refinery Project.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of the Report
| Dimension | Significance |
| Strategic Clarity | Provides an integrated national vision for decarbonization. |
| Economic Growth Driver | Positions energy transition as an employment and export opportunity. |
| Climate Leadership | Enhances India’s credibility in international climate negotiations. |
| Regional Equity | Promotes decentralised models for the Northeast and Himalayan states. |
| Innovation Catalyst | Spurs R&D in storage, hydrogen, and smart grids. |
B. Challenges Identified
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Financing Gap | Needs ~$12 trillion cumulative investment till 2070. |
| Technological Dependence | Reliance on imported solar cells, batteries, and electrolyzers. |
| Coal Transition Risks | Socio-economic impact on coal-dependent regions. |
| Grid Reliability Issues | Integration of intermittent renewables requires robust storage. |
| Policy Coordination | Overlaps between central and state energy mandates. |
C. Government & Institutional Initiatives
National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): To make India a global hub for green hydrogen production.
National Bioenergy Programme (2022–26): Promotes biomass, biogas, and waste-to-energy projects.
PM-KUSUM Scheme: Targets 3 million solar pumps for agriculture.
Battery Energy Storage Policy (2024): Incentivises 4000 MWh grid-scale storage.
Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS, 2024): Establishes a national carbon market.
Assam State Renewable Energy Policy (2024): Targets 2,000 MW renewable capacity by 2030.
D. Way Forward
Regional Customization: Tailor transition strategies for NE (bamboo bioenergy, micro-hydro, forest carbon credits).
Green Financing Framework: Incentivise banks for climate-linked lending; use sovereign green bonds.
Skill Development: Establish Energy Transition Institutes in IITs and NE universities.
Technology Partnerships: Deepen global collaborations for hydrogen, EV batteries, and CCUS.
Just Transition Fund: Support retraining and rehabilitation in coal-dependent districts.
Data Transparency: Real-time energy data portal for monitoring emissions and investments.
📊 Relevant Data & Reports
NITI Aayog Energy Transition Report (2025): India to peak emissions by 2045–50; achieve 80% renewables by 2070.
IEA India Energy Outlook 2024: India to account for 25% of global energy demand growth till 2040.
World Bank (2024): $1.5 billion loan for India’s low-carbon energy transition.
Assam Data: Renewable capacity = 470 MW (as of 2025); 32 mini-hydro projects commissioned.
🧩 Conclusion
The National Energy Transition Report 2025 marks a turning point in India’s developmental planning — embedding climate resilience, green innovation, and regional inclusivity into the nation’s growth narrative.
If backed by stable financing, skilled workforce, and cooperative federalism, India can emerge as a model of “green growth with equity,” leading the Global South towards a sustainable energy future.
🦏 Kaziranga High Court Ruling on Rhino Habitat Encroachment: Strengthening Environmental Governance in Assam
📘 GS Paper 3: Environment | Biodiversity | Wildlife Protection
📘 GS Paper 5: Governance and Environment in Assam | Role of Judiciary in Conservation
🔹 Introduction
In a landmark judgment on 25 October 2025, the Gauhati High Court directed the Assam Government to take immediate and time-bound action against encroachments in Kaziranga National Park’s buffer and eco-sensitive zones, reaffirming the judiciary’s role in upholding environmental rule of law.
The order came following a PIL by conservation groups highlighting illegal settlements, agricultural expansion, and stone quarrying around the park — threatening rhino habitats and corridor connectivity.
The ruling strengthens the legal and administrative framework for wildlife conservation and ecological integrity in one of India’s most biodiverse landscapes.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Court | Gauhati High Court, Bench led by Chief Justice Vijay Bishnoi |
| Date of Judgment | 25 October 2025 |
| Case Type | Public Interest Litigation (PIL) on illegal encroachments and habitat fragmentation |
| Respondents | Government of Assam, Forest Department, Kaziranga Tiger Reserve Authority |
| Court Directive | |
| → (a) Immediate eviction from encroached forest and corridor areas within 60 days. | |
| → (b) Preparation of a geo-tagged land-use map of the Kaziranga eco-sensitive zone (ESZ). | |
| → (c) Periodic compliance reports to the High Court every 45 days. | |
| → (d) Rehabilitation plan for genuine forest dwellers under FRA 2006. | |
| Legal Basis Cited | Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Forest Rights Act, 2006; SC orders in T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India. |
⚙️ Context: Kaziranga’s Ecological Significance
Location: Golaghat, Nagaon, Sonitpur, and Biswanath districts of Assam.
UNESCO World Heritage Site: Inscribed in 1985.
Area: ~1,090 sq km (including 6 additions notified till 2023).
Key Species: Greater one-horned rhinoceros (~2,900 individuals), elephants, tigers, wild buffalo, swamp deer.
Rivers: Brahmaputra (north boundary), Mora Diphlu, Diphlu, and Mora Dhansiri.
Corridors: Panbari, Kanchanjuri, Amguri, Haldibari — vital for elephant and rhino movement to Karbi Anglong hills.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Kaziranga National Park: Declared a Tiger Reserve in 2007.
Rhino Census 2024: 2,957 rhinos (up 100 from 2022).
Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ): Declared in 2016 – average radius 1.5 km; restricted mining, construction, and industrial activity.
Wildlife Corridors: Legally recognized in 2019 under Kaziranga Corridor Protection Act (State-level).
FRA 2006 (Section 4): Protects genuine forest dwellers’ rights while prohibiting encroachment beyond recognized claims.
SC Precedent: T.N. Godavarman (1995) expanded forest protection definition; M.K. Ranjitsinh vs Union of India (2023) reinforced eco-sensitive zone protection.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of the Judgment
Judicial Reinforcement of Conservation Laws: Strengthens implementation of Wildlife (Protection) Act and ESZ norms.
Balance between Rights and Regulation: Directs eviction of encroachers but ensures rehabilitation for legitimate FRA beneficiaries.
Data-Driven Environmental Governance: Mandates geo-tagged mapping and satellite monitoring.
Accountability of the Executive: Court-mandated periodic reports enhance transparency and compliance.
Precedent for Other Protected Areas: Sets model for similar enforcement in Manas, Orang, and Pobitora.
B. Challenges Identified by the Court
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Encroachment Pressure | Expansion of agriculture and settlements into reserve boundaries. |
| Poaching Networks | Habitat fragmentation makes rhinos more vulnerable. |
| Developmental Conflicts | Road widening (NH-37), resort projects threaten corridor connectivity. |
| Climate Stress & Flooding | Annual Brahmaputra floods drive wildlife to fringe areas, increasing human-animal conflict. |
| Administrative Apathy | Weak inter-departmental coordination and political resistance to eviction. |
C. Government & Policy Measures
Kaziranga Landscape Management Plan (2024–2034): Integrated eco-restoration of corridors and wetlands.
Rhino Vision 2.0 (2021–26): Expansion of rhino population to 3,000 with landscape-based conservation (Kaziranga–Orang–Pobitora).
Highland Construction Project: Raised platforms for wildlife shelter during floods.
Use of Drones & e-Eye Surveillance: Real-time anti-poaching monitoring by Forest Dept.
Kaziranga Tiger Conservation Foundation (KTCF): Mobilizes CSR funds for habitat protection.
D. Way Forward
Land Use Zoning & Buffer Planning: Strict demarcation of core, buffer, and transition zones.
Community Inclusion: Engage fringe villagers in eco-tourism and benefit-sharing (under EDCs).
Eco-Resettlement Policy: Relocate voluntary settlers with secure livelihood packages.
Technology Integration: Satellite-based ESZ watch portal using ISRO’s Bhuvan platform.
Inter-State Coordination: Ensure wildlife corridors to Karbi Anglong and Arunachal are legally protected.
Environmental Education: Awareness campaigns on long-term ecological value of rhino conservation.
📊 Relevant Data & Reports
Assam Forest Department (2025): 1,120 hectares of encroachment cleared since 2020.
MoEFCC (2024): India lost 2.6% of protected area cover to encroachment between 2010–2022.
WWF Kaziranga Report (2024): Annual flood damage affects 40% of park area; calls for adaptive habitat management.
NITI Aayog “State of Environment 2024”: Assam ranked 4th among Indian states in protected area coverage (7.9% of land area).
🧩 Conclusion The Gauhati High Court’s intervention reaffirms that judicial vigilance remains central to India’s environmental governance.
Kaziranga’s protection is not just about saving rhinos—it represents a broader struggle to safeguard ecosystems, livelihoods, and intergenerational equity.
By combining legal enforcement, participatory conservation, and technological monitoring, Assam can make Kaziranga a model for eco-justice and sustainable coexistence.
APSC Prelims Practice Question
🧭 Topic 1 – Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra: Welfare Scheme Saturation Mission
Q1. Consider the following statements about the Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra (VBSY):
- It aims to achieve 100% saturation of major Central Government welfare schemes across all Gram Panchayats.
- The Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal implementing agency.
- It uses mobile outreach vans and real-time digital dashboards for on-ground monitoring.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation:
- The nodal agency is the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, not Rural Development.
- It uses mobile vans, Jan Bhagidari camps, and digital dashboards (NIC) for monitoring.
- Objective: 100% scheme saturation by March 2026.
Q2. The “Saturation Approach” seen in recent welfare delivery models refers to:
(a) Targeting only the poorest sections of society for benefits
(b) Delivering maximum funds per district to reduce inequality
(c) Ensuring every eligible beneficiary is covered under a given scheme
(d) Increasing the number of schemes in rural areas
✅ Answer: (c)
Explanation:
The Saturation Approach is a governance strategy ensuring that no eligible beneficiary is left out, promoting universal coverage of welfare schemes.
Q3. Assertion (A): The Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra is being implemented through a “Whole of Government” approach.
Reason (R): It integrates over 30 ministries and departments in simultaneous on-ground enrolment drives.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
The VBSY embodies Whole-of-Government execution, ensuring multiple ministries—health, housing, agriculture, finance—operate in sync during outreach drives.
🎋 Topic 2 – Bamboo Export Boost under ODOP Initiative
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding One District One Product (ODOP):
- It is implemented by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- It aims to promote district-level specialization in a single product for global branding.
- It is linked to the PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) scheme.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
- ODOP is implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) under the PMFME scheme.
- It promotes local specialization and global branding of district products.
Q5. With reference to bamboo in India, consider the following statements:
- Bamboo is legally classified as a grass under the Indian Forest (Amendment) Act, 2017.
- Assam has the largest area under bamboo cultivation in India.
- The National Bamboo Mission is implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1 only
✅ Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1: ✅ Correct — bamboo removed from the definition of “tree” under the 2017 amendment.
- Statement 2: ✅ Assam has ~18% of India’s bamboo-bearing area.
- Statement 3: ❌ Implemented by Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, not MoEFCC.
Q6. Match the following Bamboo-based Initiatives with their Objectives:
| Initiative | Objective |
| A. National Bamboo Mission | 1. Export and branding of local bamboo crafts |
| B. ODOP Initiative | 2. Cluster-based bamboo production and post-harvest value addition |
| C. Bamboo Technology Park (Chaygaon) | 3. R&D and incubation for bamboo processing |
Select the correct code:
(a) A–1, B–2, C–3
(b) A–2, B–1, C–3
(c) A–3, B–1, C–2
(d) A–2, B–3, C–1
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
- NBM: Cluster-based production & processing.
- ODOP: Export and branding.
- Technology Park: R&D and incubation.
⚡ Topic 3 – India’s National Energy Transition Report (NITI Aayog, 2025)
Q7. Which of the following is not one of the five “Panchamrit” commitments announced by India at COP26?
(a) Achieving Net-Zero by 2070
(b) Achieving 60% of energy from nuclear power by 2050
(c) Achieving 500 GW of non-fossil capacity by 2030
(d) Reducing carbon intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
India’s “Panchamrit” goals focus on renewables and emission intensity reduction — nuclear energy is not part of the 5 pledges.
Q8. With reference to India’s National Energy Transition Report, consider the following statements:
- It proposes a Just Transition Framework focusing on equity and employment.
- It identifies bamboo-based bioenergy as a key renewable pathway for the Northeast.
- It proposes a National Carbon Market under the Energy Conservation Act, 2022.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1 only
✅ Answer: (c)
Explanation:
All three statements are correct — the report integrates social justice, regional energy equity (including NE bioenergy), and carbon market mechanisms.
Q9. Assertion (A): India’s energy transition will require around $12 trillion cumulative investment till 2070.
Reason (R): The cost of renewable energy generation is higher than fossil fuels.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Investment need ≈ $12 trillion is correct.
However, renewable generation costs are now lower than fossil fuels — the challenge lies in infrastructure, storage, and grid integration.
🦏 Topic 4 – Kaziranga High Court Ruling on Rhino Habitat Encroachment
Q10. Which of the following legal provisions empower the judiciary to order eviction from encroached protected areas like Kaziranga?
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
- Forest Rights Act, 2006
- Disaster Management Act, 2005
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only
✅ Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Wildlife (Protection) Act: Protects sanctuaries & national parks.
- EPA 1986: Used to declare Eco-Sensitive Zones.
- FRA 2006: Recognises genuine forest dwellers but bars post-2005 encroachments.
Q11. Which of the following corridors are vital for wildlife movement between Kaziranga and Karbi Anglong hills?
- Panbari
- Kanchanjuri
- Sangsari
- Haldibari
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1 and 4 only
✅ Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
Explanation:
Recognized corridors: Panbari, Kanchanjuri, Amguri, Haldibari. (Sangsari does not exist).
Q12. The High Court’s directions on Kaziranga encroachments are most closely aligned with which Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
(a) SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production
(b) SDG 13 – Climate Action
(c) SDG 15 – Life on Land
(d) SDG 16 – Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
✅ Answer: (c) SDG 15 – Life on Land
Explanation:
SDG 15 promotes protection of terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity — precisely the intent of the Court’s order.
Q13. Assertion (A): Encroachments near Kaziranga have increased due to frequent Brahmaputra floods.
Reason (R): Floodwaters destroy wildlife habitat, forcing both people and animals to move toward higher fringes.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) Both A and R are false.
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Seasonal floods push both human and wildlife populations toward elevated areas, intensifying pressure on park boundaries.
✅ Summary of Question Coverage
| Topic | No. of MCQs | Pattern Used |
| Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra | 3 | Factual + Assertion–Reason |
| Bamboo & ODOP | 3 | Conceptual + Match the Following |
| Energy Transition Report | 3 | Statement-based + Analytical |
| Kaziranga Judgment | 4 | Legal + Environmental + SDG Integration |
| Total | 13 | Full UPSC Pattern Coverage |
APSC Mains Practice Question
🧭 Mains Question (GS Paper 3 / GS Paper 5 – Assam Context)
“Judicial activism has become a critical tool for strengthening environmental governance in India. Discuss with reference to the recent Gauhati High Court ruling on Kaziranga National Park.”
🔹 Introduction (40–50 words)
Judicial activism in India has evolved as a powerful instrument for enforcing environmental accountability when administrative mechanisms falter. The recent Gauhati High Court order (Oct 2025) directing eviction of encroachments and protection of wildlife corridors in Kaziranga National Park reflects this proactive judicial role in defending ecological integrity and biodiversity.
🔹 Body
1. The Role of Judiciary in Environmental Governance
| Dimension | Judicial Contribution |
| Legal Interpretation | Expanded Article 21 to include the Right to a Healthy Environment (e.g., Subhash Kumar vs State of Bihar, 1991). |
| Creation of New Doctrines | Public Trust Doctrine (M.C. Mehta vs Kamal Nath), Polluter Pays, Precautionary Principle. |
| Monitoring & Accountability | NGT and High Courts routinely monitor state compliance on forest, pollution, and wildlife cases. |
| Protection of Commons | Orders on illegal mining, sand extraction, and encroachments safeguard public ecological resources. |
2. Case Study: Kaziranga High Court Judgment (Oct 2025)
- Directed immediate eviction of illegal settlers from buffer & ESZ areas.
- Ordered geo-tagged mapping of encroachments and rehabilitation for genuine forest dwellers.
- Enforced periodic compliance by the Assam Government every 45 days.
- Based on Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, EPA 1986, and SC precedents (Godavarman Case).
- Reaffirmed judiciary as a custodian of intergenerational equity.
3. Broader Significance
- Restores Rule of Environmental Law – Prevents political interference in forest encroachment.
- Balances Rights with Responsibilities – Upholds FRA 2006 for genuine dwellers while protecting ecosystems.
- Precedent Value – Inspires similar judicial interventions in Manas, Dehing Patkai, and Orang.
- Promotes Accountability – Periodic reporting ensures executive compliance and transparency.
4. Limitations
- Risk of judicial overreach if courts replace administrative functions.
- Implementation hurdles—eviction resistance, inadequate rehabilitation, local political pressures.
- Need for institutional capacity in Forest and Revenue departments for follow-up.
🔹 Conclusion (40 words)
The Kaziranga ruling epitomizes how judicial activism reinforces environmental governance through legal enforcement, moral authority, and public trust. Yet, enduring conservation success will require the executive’s proactive compliance, community participation, and ecological sensitivity beyond the courtroom’s reach.
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