APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (25/10/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (25-10-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
✨ APSC CCE Online Coaching, 2026
🐕 Deployment of Indigenous Hounds by BSF: Indigenous Breeds in Border Security Operations
📘 GS Paper 3: Internal Security | Indigenous Technology | Border Management
📘 GS Paper 5 (Assam Context): Security Challenges in Border Areas of NE
🔹 Introduction
In a significant move towards Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence and internal security, the Border Security Force (BSF) has deployed **indigenous dog breeds—Rampur Hound and Mudhol Hound—**along the India–Bangladesh border to enhance anti-infiltration and narcotics detection operations.
This reflects a shift towards using locally bred, adaptive canine forces in national security roles, replacing imported breeds like German Shepherds and Labradors in select operations.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Announced by | BSF Director General Daljit Singh Choudhary |
| Breeds Deployed | Rampur Hound (Uttar Pradesh), Mudhol Hound (Karnataka–Maharashtra region) |
| Deployment Zones | Indo-Bangladesh border (Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya sectors); Indo-Pak border; anti-Naxal zones |
| Purpose | Anti-infiltration, drug detection, patrolling, and perimeter security |
| Performance Record | Mudhol hound “Riya” won first place in the All-India Police Dog Competition; Rampur hounds deployed successfully in Rajasthan & Punjab |
| Rationale | High endurance, disease resistance, low maintenance cost, adaptability to India’s terrain & climate |
| Event Participation | Will demonstrate skills at Rashtriya Ekta Diwas Parade, October 31, 2025 |
⚙️ Strategic Significance
Security Efficiency – Enhances surveillance along porous borders like the Indo-Bangladesh line where infiltration and smuggling are major threats.
Indigenization Push – Aligns with Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat by reducing dependence on foreign breeds.
Cost-Effective Deployment – Indigenous dogs have lower procurement and upkeep costs.
Eco-Adaptability – Suited for tropical and rugged terrains unlike imported breeds sensitive to heat and humidity.
Cultural Symbolism – Revives pride in native breeds historically used by Indian warriors and rulers.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Rampur Hound: Origin – Rampur (UP); descendant of Afghan Tazi & English Greyhound; known for speed and courage.
Mudhol Hound: Also called Caravan Hound; native to Deccan Plateau; recognized by National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Hisar.
Force Using Indigenous Dogs: BSF, CRPF, ITBP, Indian Army (pilot projects).
Rashtriya Ekta Diwas: Observed on October 31 (birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel).
Indo–Bangladesh Border Length: ~4,096 km (Assam shares ~263 km).
Program Link: “#VocalforLocal” initiative under Make in India defence reforms.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance
Strengthens border management efficiency.
Symbol of self-reliance in internal security systems.
Promotes indigenous R&D and kennel breeding programs in India.
Boosts morale and operational flexibility of border units.
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Training Infrastructure | Limited specialized training centres for Indian breeds. |
| Temperament Variations | Some local breeds require customized handling due to strong instincts. |
| Recognition & Scaling | Need for larger-scale breeding programs to sustain deployment. |
| Inter-agency coordination | Different forces using varied standards for canine units. |
C. Government Initiatives
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) Canine Policy (2022): Promotes use of Indian breeds.
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO): Supports breed-specific research for security roles.
Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog & NBAGR: Documented 9 native dog breeds for official recognition.
BSF Dog Breeding and Training Centre, Gwalior: Expanding to include indigenous hounds.
D. Way Ahead
Dedicated Indigenous Breed Training Academies in collaboration with veterinary universities.
Public Awareness Campaigns for Indian breeds to reduce exotic breed preference.
Integrated Canine Command System for CAPFs.
Breed Improvement Programs supported by ICAR and Ministry of Home Affairs.
Scientific Cross-breeding Trials to enhance agility and temperament traits for tactical tasks.
📊 Relevant Data & Reports
India has over 7,000 km of land borders shared with Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar.
BSF operates 186 battalions, including units specializing in counter-smuggling and narcotics control.
Indigenous breeds recognized by NBAGR: 9 (including Rampur, Mudhol, Rajapalayam, Chippiparai, Kanni).
🧩 Conclusion
The deployment of Rampur and Mudhol hounds by the BSF marks a decisive step towards self-reliance and modernization in India’s internal security apparatus.
By blending traditional strength with modern tactical needs, indigenous dog deployment symbolizes a sustainable, cost-effective, and culturally rooted approach to national defence and border management.
🤝 India–US Bilateral Trade Deal: A Step Toward Equitable Global Economic Engagement
📘 GS Paper 2: International Relations | Bilateral Agreements | India–US Relations
📘 GS Paper 3: Economic Development | Trade Policy | External Sector
🔹 Introduction
India and the United States — two of the world’s largest democracies and major trading partners — are reportedly “very near” to finalizing a bilateral trade agreement after prolonged negotiations.
Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal, speaking at the Berlin Global Dialogue (October 2025), emphasized that while India seeks a fair and equitable deal, it “will not do any deal in a hurry or with a gun to our head.”
This trade pact represents a recalibration of India–US economic relations amid global supply chain shifts and strategic convergence under the Indo-Pacific framework.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Stage of Negotiation | “Very near to finalization” — per Commerce Ministry official |
| Key Stakeholders | India’s Ministry of Commerce & Industry and the US Trade Representative (USTR) |
| Major Agenda Items | Tariff rationalization, market access for agriculture, pharmaceuticals, IT services, digital trade, and intellectual property |
| Context | Strained relations post-2019 after the Trump administration withdrew India’s GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) status |
| Timeline Target | First tranche of the pact to be concluded by Fall 2025 |
| Global Context | US sanctions on Russian oil, India’s stance on energy sovereignty |
| India’s Position | No compromise on national interest; seeks “fair, long-term, win–win” partnership |
| Dialogue Mechanism | Trade Policy Forum (TPF) and Commercial Dialogue resumed in 2024 |
⚙️ Strategic and Economic Significance
Trade Expansion: The US is India’s largest trading partner (USD 118 billion in goods trade in FY 2024–25).
Supply Chain Diversification: Aims to reduce overdependence on China in global value chains.
Digital Economy Synergy: Creates a framework for data localization, AI, and digital trade cooperation.
Investment Flow: Boosts FDI in clean energy, semiconductors, and defence manufacturing.
Energy Security: Addresses US concerns over Russian crude while safeguarding India’s strategic autonomy.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
India–US Trade: India exported goods worth ~$77 billion and imported ~$41 billion in FY 2024–25.
Trade Policy Forum (TPF): Revived in 2021; institutional dialogue to resolve trade barriers.
GSP Status: Withdrawn in 2019; India seeks reinstatement for ~$6 billion worth of exports.
USTR: Office of the US Trade Representative – counterpart to India’s Commerce Ministry.
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): India is part of the Supply Chain and Clean Economy pillars but opted out of the Trade Pillar initially.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance
Strategic Partnership: Strengthens India–US ties beyond defence and technology.
Economic Diplomacy: Balances India’s independent foreign policy with pragmatic trade interests.
Domestic Impact: Boost for Indian manufacturing, digital services, and agricultural exports.
Geopolitical Leverage: Counters protectionism while maintaining sovereignty in trade negotiations.
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Tariff Disputes | Differing views on agricultural goods, dairy, and medical devices. |
| Digital Trade Rules | US demands liberal data flow, while India prioritizes data sovereignty. |
| Labour & Environmental Clauses | Risk of non-tariff barriers under “green trade” conditions. |
| Oil & Sanctions Pressure | US pushback on India’s Russian crude imports. |
| Policy Alignment | Reconciling India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat with open-market expectations. |
C. Government Initiatives
Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023: Focus on resilience and export diversification.
PLI Schemes (Production-Linked Incentives): Promote high-value manufacturing to attract US investment.
US–India CEO Forum: Encourages private sector-led trade and technology linkages.
Semiconductor Mission (2023): Collaborative R&D opportunities for US chipmakers in India.
D. Way Forward
Sectoral Mini-Deals: Start with agriculture, pharma, and digital trade to build trust.
Reinstate GSP Benefits: Crucial for MSME exporters.
Comprehensive Economic Dialogue: Integrate energy, environment, and digital standards.
People-to-People Integration: Facilitate mobility for professionals and students through visa reforms.
Strategic Alignment: Align trade goals with broader Indo-Pacific partnership frameworks (Quad, IPEF).
📊 Data and Reports
World Bank (2025): India is projected to be the third-largest economy by 2030, driven by exports and services.
UNCTAD Trade & Development Report (2024): India’s trade-to-GDP ratio stands at ~46%.
NITI Aayog’s Export Preparedness Index (2024): Highlights innovation, logistics, and policy as key enablers.
🧩 Conclusion
The near-finalization of the India–US Bilateral Trade Deal underscores India’s evolution as a confident global player balancing strategic autonomy with economic pragmatism.
A well-calibrated pact can deepen economic interdependence, foster technology collaboration, and anchor India’s position in a rapidly reconfiguring world trade order.
⚔️ ULFA(I) Cadres Entering from Myanmar: Insurgency and Border Security in Northeast India
📘 GS Paper 3: Internal Security, Insurgency, Border Management
📘 GS Paper 5: Governance & Security Challenges in Assam and NE Region
🔹 Introduction
Recent intelligence inputs revealed that around 20 cadres of ULFA (Independent) infiltrated into India from their Myanmar-based camps, reportedly attempting violent acts in Assam’s border regions.
This development underlines the persistent insurgency threat along India’s eastern frontier and the complexities of cross-border militancy in the Northeast, particularly along the Assam–Arunachal–Myanmar corridor.
🔑 Key Points from the Report
| Aspect | Details |
| Incident Source | Assam Tribune, 25 Oct 2025 |
| Group Involved | ULFA (Independent) faction led by Paresh Baruah |
| Entry Route | From Sagaing Region (Myanmar) → Arunachal Pradesh border |
| Key Incident | Attack on Army camp in Kakopathar; encounter led to death of ULFA cadre Abhikeswar Moran alias Iwan Asom |
| Aftermath | Security forces recovered backpacks, arms; several cadres escaped |
| Present Status | 10-member group believed to be still hiding in Arunachal border forests |
| Linked Threats | Possible exploitation of ST status agitations by ULFA(I) to regain lost support |
| Police Observation | Public support for ULFA(I) is “dwindling fast”; people fed up with violence |
⚙️ Background: ULFA and Its Evolution
Formation: United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) formed in 1979 at Rang Ghar, Sivasagar.
Ideology: “Sovereign Assam” through armed struggle against the Indian State.
Key Split: ULFA (Pro-Talk) led by Arabinda Rajkhowa vs ULFA (Independent) led by Paresh Baruah.
Base Areas: Earlier — Bhutan, Bangladesh (till 2003 crackdown); currently — Myanmar’s Sagaing and Taga regions.
Major Operations: Operation Bajrang (1990), Operation Rhino (1991), Operation All Clear (2003).
🧠 Prelims Pointers
ULFA (Independent): Active in Upper Assam and eastern Arunachal belts; maintains links with other NE insurgent outfits.
Neighbouring Insurgent Networks: NSCN-K, NDFB (now disbanded), KLO, PLA (Manipur).
Indo-Myanmar Border: 1,643 km long; Assam shares border indirectly via Arunachal Pradesh & Nagaland.
Free Movement Regime (FMR): Allows tribes along border to travel 16 km across without visa—often exploited by insurgents.
Counter-Insurgency Units: Assam Rifles, Indian Army, SSB, and State Police Forces.
Recent Policy Move: India and Myanmar initiated “Operation Sunrise” (2019–2023) for coordinated counter-insurgency along borders.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance
Internal Security: ULFA(I) presence near border threatens peace in Upper Assam.
Border Stability: Infiltration from Myanmar underscores porous terrain and inadequate surveillance.
Regional Peace: Undermines Assam’s peace process and rehabilitation of surrendered militants.
Socio-political Implications: Attempts to exploit community-based movements (like ST status demands).
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Porous Borders | Dense forests and rugged terrain make surveillance difficult. |
| Cross-Border Sanctuaries | Myanmar’s limited control over Sagaing/Taga areas allows insurgent camps. |
| Local Support Networks | Sympathizers provide logistics and intelligence. |
| Ethnic & Socioeconomic Grievances | Economic underdevelopment fuels youth radicalization. |
| Coordination Deficit | Multiple agencies (Army, Assam Police, IB, AR) lack integrated intelligence sharing. |
C. Government & Security Initiatives
Peace Process with ULFA (Pro-Talk Faction): 2023 draft agreement under discussion; may pave way for final peace accord.
Operation All Clear 2.0: Joint India–Myanmar efforts to dismantle camps along Sagaing Region.
Modernization of Police Forces (MPF Scheme): Upgraded surveillance drones and border posts in Upper Assam.
North Eastern Council & MHA (Security Division): Funding of border infrastructure and model police stations.
Skill and Youth Outreach: Rehabilitation policy for surrendered militants (2022).
D. Way Forward
Revive Comprehensive Peace Talks with remaining ULFA(I) factions through neutral interlocutors.
Integrated Border Management System (IBMS) along the Indo-Myanmar frontier with satellite surveillance.
Enhanced India–Myanmar Coordination: Reinforce joint intelligence operations and revoke misused FMR privileges in high-risk zones.
Community Policing: Engage local tribes and youth to curb recruitment.
Developmental Outreach: Improve employment, education, and digital connectivity in eastern Assam and border districts.
📊 Relevant Data & Facts
Militant Numbers (MHA 2024): Active insurgents in NE dropped by 80% since 2014.
Ceasefire Groups: Over 10 groups, including NDFB (R), ULFA (P), KLNLF, in peace mode.
AFSPA (2024): Withdrawn from 80% of Assam; still partially active in some eastern districts.
Assam Police Peace Data (2025): 700+ militants surrendered in last two years.
🧩 Conclusion
The infiltration of ULFA(I) cadres from Myanmar serves as a reminder that insurgency in the Northeast, though weakened, is not extinct.
A lasting solution demands a balanced strategy — combining firm security action, cross-border diplomacy, and inclusive development to address the roots of alienation and ensure enduring peace in Assam and the Northeast.
🚴♀️ “Purvca Samvad 2025” – Sustainable Urban Mobility in Guwahati
📘 GS Paper 2: Urban Governance, Public Policy, Citizen Participation
📘 GS Paper 3: Infrastructure, Environment, Sustainable Development
🔹 Introduction
The Purvca Foundation is set to host Purvca Samvad 2025 – Conversations for Sustainable Urban Futures on November 7, 2025, in Guwahati, themed around “Sustainable Urban Mobility: Public Transport, Walking & Cycling.”
The forum aims to bring together government officials, researchers, civil society, and citizens to explore how cities like Guwahati can shift toward low-carbon, inclusive, and people-centric mobility systems — a critical step as the city struggles with congestion, pollution, and unplanned urbanization.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Organizer | Purvca Foundation (Assam-based urban policy think tank) |
| Venue & Date | NEDFi Auditorium, Guwahati – November 7, 2025 |
| Theme | “Sustainable Urban Mobility: Public Transport, Walking & Cycling” |
| Participants | Govt. officials, academicians, civil society, media, and mobility experts |
| Major Components | Panel discussions, idea presentations, report release, and student innovation pitch |
| Special Report | “Women’s Perspective on City Buses in Guwahati” – highlighting safety, accessibility, and inclusivity in public transport |
| Objective | To promote citizen-led dialogue and actionable solutions for sustainable mobility in NE cities |
⚙️ Context: Urban Mobility Crisis in Guwahati
Guwahati’s vehicular population has crossed 15 lakh (2025 estimate), growing at nearly 10% annually.
The city’s public transport share remains under 25%, far below the national urban benchmark.
Frequent traffic jams at hubs like Ganeshguri, Ulubari, and Bharalumukh reflect inadequate road design and poor modal integration.
Air pollution levels (PM2.5) have risen to unsafe limits, aggravated by unregulated urban sprawl and congestion.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), 2006: Prioritizes “moving people, not vehicles.”
National Electric Bus Programme (2023): Phase-II targets 38,000 electric buses across Indian cities.
Smart Cities Mission: Guwahati included, with focus on smart traffic management and e-mobility corridors.
Guwahati MetroLite Project: DPR under review by MoHUA for cost-effective rapid transit.
Mobility Indicators: Modal share, per capita trip rate, vehicle density, congestion index.
E-Bus Deployment in Assam: 100+ electric buses under the FAME-II scheme.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of Sustainable Urban Mobility
Environmental Benefits: Reduces carbon footprint and urban air pollution.
Social Inclusion: Ensures affordable, safe mobility for women, elderly, and low-income groups.
Economic Efficiency: Reduces time loss, improves logistics, and boosts productivity.
Health and Livability: Encourages walking and cycling, promoting healthier urban lifestyles.
Resilient Infrastructure: Supports climate adaptation and reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
B. Challenges in Guwahati and Similar Cities
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Unplanned Urban Growth | Poor road hierarchy and scattered settlements increase travel demand. |
| Low Public Transport Use | Inadequate fleet size, irregular service, and safety issues deter commuters. |
| Weak Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) Infrastructure | Lack of footpaths, cycle lanes, and pedestrian crossings. |
| Institutional Fragmentation | Overlapping roles among GMC, GMDA, ASTC, and Traffic Police. |
| Behavioural Barriers | Cultural bias towards private vehicles and lack of awareness about sustainable options. |
C. Government & Policy Initiatives
National Electric Mobility Mission (NEMMP) 2020 & FAME-II: Promotes electric vehicle transition.
State Action Plan on Climate Change (Assam): Encourages green urban transport.
Smart Cities & AMRUT 2.0: Focus on intelligent transport systems and multimodal hubs.
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) & MetroLite Proposals: Plans for efficient mass mobility.
Cycle Tracks and Pedestrian Zones: Piloted by GMDA under World Bank–funded initiatives.
Purvca’s Citizen Mobility Audit (2025): Emphasizes “safe streets for all,” particularly for women and students.
D. Way Forward
| Strategy | Action Point |
| 1. Integrated Urban Mobility Plan (IUMP) | Create a unified mobility authority (GUMTA) for policy and planning integration. |
| 2. Modernize Public Transport | Introduce app-based ticketing, GPS tracking, and electric bus fleets. |
| 3. Non-Motorized Transport Infrastructure | Develop continuous footpaths, cycling corridors, and shaded pedestrian zones. |
| 4. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) | Link housing and commercial hubs with high-capacity transit corridors. |
| 5. Public Participation & Gender Sensitivity | Adopt community-driven planning and gender audits for all mobility projects. |
| 6. Data-Driven Urban Governance | Use AI-based traffic management and mobility data dashboards. |
📊 Relevant Data & Reports
World Bank (2024): Traffic congestion costs Indian cities ₹1.4 lakh crore annually.
NITI Aayog (2024): 40% of India’s energy use comes from the transport sector; electrification can save $60 billion by 2030.
Purvca Survey (2025): 70% of women commuters in Guwahati feel unsafe on city buses after dark.
Guwahati’s Air Quality Index (AQI 2025): Averages between 120–160 (Moderate to Unhealthy).
🧩 Conclusion
Purvca Samvad 2025 symbolizes a critical shift from ad-hoc urban planning to participatory, sustainability-focused city management.
For Guwahati, embracing integrated, inclusive, and eco-friendly mobility solutions is essential not only to curb congestion and pollution but to shape a livable, equitable, and future-ready city.
✈️ Direct Flights Resumption Between India and China: Diplomatic & Economic Significance
GS Paper 2: India’s Foreign Policy, Bilateral Relations, Economic Diplomacy
🔹 Introduction
After a suspension of over five years, India and China have moved to resume direct passenger flights — a concrete sign of thawing ties and pragmatic engagement. Indian carrier IndiGo announced daily Kolkata–Guangzhou flights from 26 Oct 2025, while China Eastern and other carriers announced plans to restart services (e.g., Shanghai–Delhi from 9 Nov 2025). This restoration follows high-level diplomatic contacts and aims to re-open people-to-people, business and trade channels. Reuters+2GoIndiGo+2
🔑 Key points
Who / What: IndiGo resumed Kolkata–Guangzhou services (daily from 26 Oct 2025); China Eastern to resume Shanghai–Delhi services (from 9 Nov 2025); other carriers expected to follow. GoIndiGo+1
Why now: Follow-up to recent high-level summitry and bilateral engagements seeking to stabilise relations and restore practical connectivity. Reuters
Immediate effects: Enables tourism, business travel, cargo and supply-chain links that had been constrained; symbolic diplomatic confidence-building. AP News+1
Operational timeline: Flights restarted late Oct / early Nov 2025 in phased manner as airlines and regulators restored routes. ETTravelWorld.com+1
🧠 Prelims pointers (short, memorize-ready)
Suspension length: ~5 years (flights largely curtailed since 2020 pandemic and border tensions). AP News
First commercial resumption (Oct 26, 2025): Kolkata–Guangzhou (IndiGo). GoIndiGo
China Eastern’s Shanghai–Delhi restart announced for 9 Nov 2025 (three times a week). Business Standard
Resumption often follows political confidence-building (summits, diplomatic exchanges). Reuters
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance / Significance
Economic & Trade Revival
Restores air cargo and business travel links that facilitate bilateral trade, tourism, and services — easing logistics for exporters and importers. India Briefing
People-to-People Contact
Reopens channels for students, tourists, and families; helps rebuild cultural and educational exchanges. AP News
Diplomatic Confidence-Building
Acts as a tangible outcome of recent diplomatic outreach; signals willingness to compartmentalize differences and cooperate on practical fronts. Reuters
Geostrategic Message
While symbolic of thaw, resumption does not imply resolution of border disputes — it reflects calibrated engagement. Reuters
B. Challenges / Constraints
Security & Trust Deficit: Deep military mistrust on border issues persists; connectivity restoration must coexist with robust security protocols. Reuters
Regulatory & Commercial Viability: Airlines need bilateral traffic rights, slots, and profitable load factors; some routes may take time to become commercially viable. ETTravelWorld.com
Contingency Risks: Diplomatic setbacks or new tensions could lead to sudden suspension, affecting passengers and trade confidence. AP News
C. Government / Institutional Measures
Phased, Regulated Resumption: Civil aviation authorities coordinating to reinstate routes with safety and bilateral agreements. GoIndiGo+1
Trade Facilitation Steps: Complementary measures like easing cargo clearances, tourism promotion, and business-visas (where mutually agreed) will support route viability. India Briefing
D. Way Ahead / Policy Recommendations
Phased Route Expansion: Start with high-demand city pairs (Kolkata–Guangzhou, Delhi–Shanghai) and expand as traffic builds. GoIndiGo+1
Bilateral Aviation Working Group: Regularise technical coordination on slots, safety standards, and contingency plans. Reuters
Trade & Tourism Push: Joint business forums and targeted visa facilitation to convert connectivity into economic flows. India Briefing
Safeguards: Maintain diplomatic channels for de-escalation, and ensure security vetting and intelligence sharing for aviation safety. Reuters
Narrative Management: Public diplomacy to set expectations — connectivity is pragmatic, not a replacement for resolving strategic issues.
🧩 Conclusion
The resumption of direct flights is a practical confidence-building measure that can quickly translate into economic and people-centric benefits, even while core geopolitical and border issues remain unresolved. If pursued carefully (phased operations, parallel security measures and trade facilitation), it can become an enabling platform for broader, stable India-China engagement. Reuters+1
APSC Prelims Practice Question
🐕 Topic 1 – Indigenous Hounds in Border Security Operations
Q1. With reference to the deployment of indigenous dog breeds by India’s security forces, consider the following statements:
- The Rampur Hound is a native Indian breed originally developed by crossbreeding Afghan and English greyhounds.
- The Mudhol Hound has been recognized by the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Hisar.
- The Border Security Force (BSF) has initiated a pilot project using indigenous hounds along the Indo–Bangladesh border.
- All indigenous dog breeds in India are bred and trained exclusively by the Indian Army’s Remount Veterinary Corps (RVC).
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
- Statements 1 and 2 are correct — Rampur and Mudhol are native Indian breeds; Mudhol is NBAGR-recognized.
- Statement 3 is correct — BSF has deployed Rampur and Mudhol hounds for anti-infiltration patrols on the Indo–Bangladesh border.
- Statement 4 is incorrect — training is done by multiple agencies including BSF Dog Breeding & Training Centre, not only RVC.
Q2. The term “Atmanirbhar Canine Initiative” most closely aligns with which of the following policy objectives?
(a) Promoting indigenous breeds for security and disaster rescue roles
(b) Promoting import of elite breeds for national security
(c) Creating public dog parks under Swachh Bharat Mission
(d) Crossbreeding exotic species for climate resilience
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
The initiative aims to promote self-reliance and use of Indian dog breeds (Rampur, Mudhol, Rajapalayam) in defence and internal security roles — aligning with the Atmanirbhar Bharat mission.
🤝 Topic 2 – India–US Bilateral Trade Deal
Q3. Which of the following are likely to feature in the agenda of the upcoming India–US Trade Agreement under discussion?
- Market access for agricultural goods
- Cross-border digital data flow
- Tariff rationalization for medical devices
- Cooperation under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) framework
Select the correct answer using the code below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 4 only
✅ Answer: (c)
Explanation:
All four are part of the ongoing dialogue — agricultural access, digital trade rules, tariff issues, and restoration of GSP are priority negotiation points.
Q4. With reference to India’s trade policy, consider the following pairs:
| Trade Forum / Agreement | India’s Position |
| 1. Trade Policy Forum (TPF) | Bilateral mechanism with the United States |
| 2. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) | India opted out of the trade pillar |
| 3. ASEAN–India Free Trade Agreement | Suspended since 2022 due to tariff disputes |
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Pairs 1 and 2 are correct; TPF is the primary India–US trade dialogue, and India indeed opted out of IPEF’s trade pillar.
Pair 3 is incorrect — ASEAN–India FTA continues, though under review, not suspended.
⚔️ Topic 3 – ULFA(I) & Border Security in NE India
Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA):
- ULFA was founded in 1979 with the aim of establishing a sovereign Assam.
- The group currently maintains bases in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar.
- The “Operation All Clear” (2003) against ULFA was conducted jointly by India and Bhutan.
- The “Free Movement Regime” (FMR) allows cross-border movement of civilians between India and China up to 16 km without visa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Statement 4 is incorrect — FMR applies to the India–Myanmar border, not China.
Q6. Which of the following is/are correctly matched with their context?
| Operation | Description |
| A. Operation Bajrang | First major counter-insurgency operation against ULFA in Assam (1990) |
| B. Operation Rhino | Follow-up operation targeting ULFA hideouts in Upper Assam (1991) |
| C. Operation Sunrise | Joint India–Myanmar military action against insurgent groups along the border (2019) |
Select the correct answer:
(a) A and B only
(b) B and C only
(c) A, B and C
(d) A and C only
✅ Answer: (c)
Explanation:
All three operations are historically accurate — Bajrang (1990), Rhino (1991), and Sunrise (2019).
🚴♀️ Topic 4 – Purvca Samvad 2025: Sustainable Urban Mobility in Guwahati
Q7. Which of the following correctly describes the objective of the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), 2006?
(a) To promote high-speed vehicular corridors for intercity travel.
(b) To prioritize the movement of people rather than vehicles.
(c) To regulate vehicle ownership through fiscal penalties.
(d) To expand expressway connectivity under the Bharatmala scheme.
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The NUTP emphasizes a paradigm shift from “moving vehicles” to “moving people,” encouraging public transport and non-motorized modes.
Q8. With reference to sustainable mobility in Indian cities, consider the following statements:
- The AMRUT 2.0 Mission includes components related to e-mobility and multimodal integration.
- Under FAME-II, funding is provided to state governments for procurement of electric buses.
- The Smart Cities Mission explicitly excludes transport-related projects to avoid overlap with NUTP.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect — Smart Cities Mission includes mobility and intelligent transport systems.
✈️ Topic 5 – Direct Flights Resumption Between India and China
Q9. With reference to the recent resumption of direct flights between India and China, consider the following statements:
- The first resumed route connects Kolkata and Guangzhou, operated by an Indian carrier.
- The suspension of flights between India and China lasted for approximately five years.
- The resumption coincides with India’s formal participation in China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Statements 1 and 2 are correct — IndiGo’s Kolkata–Guangzhou route resumed after ~5 years.
Statement 3 is incorrect — India has not joined China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
Q10. The restoration of India–China direct flights primarily contributes to which of the following broader diplomatic goals?
(a) Confidence-building through economic and people-to-people engagement
(b) Strategic alignment under the Quad framework
(c) Formal conclusion of border demarcation
(d) Expansion of defence logistics cooperation
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
The move represents pragmatic engagement — reopening commercial and cultural ties as a confidence-building measure, even while core political issues persist.
🧾 Summary Table of Topics & Core Themes
| Topic | Core GS Themes |
| Indigenous Hounds by BSF | Internal Security, Indigenous Tech, Atmanirbhar Bharat |
| India–US Trade Deal | International Relations, Economic Diplomacy |
| ULFA(I) & Border Security | Internal Security, Insurgency, NE Governance |
| Purvca Samvad (Urban Mobility) | Urban Development, Environment, Infrastructure |
| India–China Flights | Bilateral Relations, Connectivity Diplomacy |
APSC Mains Practice Question
🧭 Mains Question (GS Paper 3)
“Discuss how the infiltration of ULFA(I) cadres from Myanmar highlights the persistent internal security challenges in Northeast India. Examine the measures needed to ensure a sustainable peace framework in the region.”
🔹 Introduction (40–50 words)
The recent infiltration of ULFA-Independent cadres from their Myanmar bases underscores the lingering fragility of peace in Assam and the wider Northeast. Despite substantial reduction in violence, porous borders, cross-border sanctuaries, and unresolved socio-economic grievances continue to sustain intermittent insurgent activities.
🔹 Body
1. Persistent Internal Security Challenges
| Dimension | Illustration |
| Cross-Border Movement | Dense jungles and porous terrain along the 1,643 km India–Myanmar border enable militants’ mobility and logistics. |
| Sanctuaries Abroad | ULFA(I) camps in Myanmar’s Sagaing Region and past links with NSCN-K provide safe havens. |
| Fragmented Factions | Peace talks cover the pro-talk faction, while the Paresh Baruah-led wing remains active. |
| Local Radicalisation | Youth frustration and economic neglect in upper Assam sustain recruitment potential. |
| Coordination Gaps | Multiple agencies—Army, Assam Police, IB, Assam Rifles—often work with limited intelligence integration. |
2. Steps Taken So Far
- Peace initiatives: Ongoing Centre-Assam–ULFA (P) dialogue; surrender & rehabilitation schemes (2022).
- Security operations: Operation All Clear (2003, India–Bhutan); Operation Sunrise (2019, India–Myanmar).
- Development push: NE Special Infrastructure Development Scheme, North East Industrial Policy, and Smart Village projects.
3. Measures for Sustainable Peace
- Integrated Border Management System (IBMS): Deploy drones, thermal sensors, and all-weather posts.
- India–Myanmar Security Cooperation: Expand joint patrols and review Free Movement Regime in sensitive sectors.
- Rehabilitation & Reintegration: Skill-linked livelihood schemes for surrendered cadres.
- Inclusive Governance: Fast-track infrastructure, education, and digital connectivity in border districts.
- Community-led Counter-Narratives: Engage local youth, student unions, and civil society in deradicalisation drives.
🔹 Conclusion (40 words)
ULFA(I)’s cross-border infiltration is a reminder that durable peace in the Northeast cannot rest solely on force. It demands a calibrated blend of security firmness, developmental justice, and cooperative diplomacy—transforming the region from a conflict corridor into a connectivity hub..
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