APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (19/10/2024)

For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (19-10-2024). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.

1. Scientists Develop Next-Generation Antivenom

Relevant to: Science and Technology (GS Paper-III), Health (GS Paper-II)

• Introduction:
  A team of Indian scientists led by Prof. Ashis Kumar Mukherjee from the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, has developed a next-generation antivenom composition. This innovation aims to improve the efficacy of antivenoms by addressing the diverse venom profiles of India’s venomous snakes, especially the ‘Big Four.’
• Key Points:
  • The antivenom is formulated using epitope-string toxin-specific peptide immunogens derived from active snake venom toxins, such as snake venom metalloprotease and phospholipase A2.
  • It targets the ‘Big Four’ snakes—Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper, spectacled cobra, and common krait.
  • The novel composition enhances the neutralization of venom enzymes and reduces in-vivo toxicity.
  • A collaboration with Premium Serum and Vaccines Pvt Ltd, Pune, the research has been published in Toxicon-X.
  • This advancement addresses limitations of existing polyvalent antivenoms (PAVs) and caters to region-specific venom profiles.
• Prelims Pointers:
  • What is a Polyvalent Antivenom (PAV)?
    A PAV is designed to treat bites from multiple snake species, commonly used in India to counteract snakebites.
  • The ‘Big Four’ Snakes:
    Refers to the four major venomous snake species in India: Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper, spectacled cobra, and common krait.
  • Challenges in Antivenom Development:
    Variability in venom composition based on region, snake species, and age poses challenges for creating universally effective antivenoms.
• Mains Pointers:
  • Importance:
    1. Enhancing Healthcare: This advanced antivenom can reduce mortality rates among rural populations, who are most at risk of snakebites.
    2. Regional Adaptation: It considers regional variations in venom, making treatments more effective across India.
    3. Boosting India’s Biotechnology Sector: It highlights India’s potential in biotech innovation and academia-industry collaboration.
    4. Reducing Economic Burden: Effective antivenoms lower the financial strain on families of victims, who often face loss of income and high medical costs.
    5. Aligning with WHO Goals: This innovation supports the WHO’s target to halve the number of deaths and disabilities from snakebites by 2030.
  • Challenges:
    1. High Production Costs: Advanced research and technology lead to increased production costs for new antivenoms.
    2. Regulatory Approval: The new formulation requires extensive clinical trials and regulatory approvals for market release.
    3. Distribution to Remote Areas: Ensuring timely availability of the antivenom in remote areas is logistically challenging.
    4. Training for Medical Personnel: Rural healthcare workers need training on the proper use of advanced antivenoms.
    5. Venom Variability: Despite advancements, variations in venom composition across different snake populations remain a challenge.
  • Way Ahead:
    1. Accelerating Clinical Trials: Fast-tracking trials can ensure quicker availability of the antivenom for those in need.
    2. Promoting Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between government and biotech firms can support large-scale production.
    3. Awareness Campaigns: Educating rural populations about snakebite prevention can reduce fatalities.
    4. Focus on Regional Needs: Developing region-specific antivenoms based on prevalent snake species can improve treatment outcomes.
    5. Strengthening Rural Healthcare: Upgrading facilities in rural health centers for administering antivenom is essential.
• Conclusion:
  The next-generation antivenom developed by IASST scientists represents a major advancement in addressing snakebite challenges in India. With a focus on regional specificity and collaborative efforts, it holds promise for reducing mortality rates and improving public health outcomes.

---

2. Migratory Birds in Assam: Call for Conservation

Relevant to: Environment (GS Paper-III), Biodiversity Conservation (GS Paper-II)

• Introduction:
  As winter approaches, Assam’s wetlands and forests attract a diverse range of migratory bird species, playing a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance. Biodiversity conservation organization Aaranyak has highlighted the need to protect these avian visitors, emphasizing their ecological and economic importance.
• Key Points:
  • Assam’s wetlands serve as wintering grounds for numerous migratory birds, enhancing the state’s biodiversity.
  • Aaranyak is organizing birdwatching events and surveys to raise awareness about bird conservation.
  • Migratory birds play a vital role in pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control, linking ecosystems across regions.
  • Major threats include habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and human disturbances.
  • Protecting these birds is critical for maintaining the ecological health of Assam and supporting local livelihoods through ecotourism.
• Prelims Pointers:
  • What are Important Bird Areas (IBAs)?
    IBAs are designated sites critical for bird conservation, important for the survival of species and maintaining biodiversity.
  • Major Flyways Over Assam:
    Assam lies along the Central Asian and East Asian-Australasian flyways, making it a key route for migratory birds.
  • Role of Migratory Birds:
    These birds contribute to ecosystems by aiding in seed dispersal, controlling pests, and maintaining ecological balance.
• Mains Pointers:
  • Importance:
    1. Ecological Balance: Migratory birds help maintain ecosystem balance through activities like pest control and seed dispersal.
    2. Boost to Ecotourism: Birdwatching tourism provides economic opportunities for local communities, fostering a culture of conservation.
    3. Biodiversity Conservation: Migratory birds add to the genetic diversity of ecosystems by connecting habitats across continents.
    4. Indicator Species: The presence of these birds often indicates the health of ecosystems, signaling changes in environmental conditions.
    5. Support for Local Livelihoods: Conservation efforts provide opportunities for employment through nature-based tourism.
  • Challenges:
    1. Habitat Destruction: Wetland encroachment and deforestation threaten migratory birds’ habitats.
    2. Pollution: Water pollution in rivers and wetlands reduces the availability of food and harms bird populations.
    3. Climate Change: Altered migration patterns due to climate change affect food availability and habitat use.
    4. Human Disturbance: Unregulated tourism and hunting can pose direct threats to bird populations.
    5. Inadequate Conservation Policies: Lack of specific policies for migratory bird protection hampers long-term conservation.
  • Way Ahead:
    1. Strengthening Legal Protections: Implementing stricter laws to protect IBAs and migratory species.
    2. Community Participation: Involving local communities in conservation efforts through awareness and incentives.
    3. Restoration of Wetlands: Prioritizing the restoration of degraded wetlands to provide safe habitats for migratory birds.
    4. International Collaboration: Working with countries along migration routes for coordinated conservation efforts.
    5. Research and Monitoring: Continuous research on migration patterns and habitat use can inform better conservation strategies.
• Conclusion:
  Protecting migratory birds is vital for maintaining Assam’s rich biodiversity and ecological balance. Collaborative efforts between conservation organizations, local communities, and the government can ensure that these species continue to thrive in the region.

---

3. Commemorating Pandit Kaliram Medhi’s Contributions to Assamese Culture

Relevant to: Indian Culture (GS Paper-I), Education (GS Paper-II)

• Introduction:
  The 144th birth anniversary of Pandit Kaliram Medhi, a key figure in Assamese literature and language, was celebrated in Guwahati. Medhi’s pioneering work in Assamese grammar and literature has had a lasting impact on the cultural and linguistic identity of Assam.
• Key Points:
  • A commemorative event was held at the Kanaklal Barua auditorium, highlighting Medhi’s role in standardizing Assamese grammar.
  • Medhi’s contributions include significant writings that have shaped Assamese literature and language.
  • Scholars emphasized the importance of preserving his literary legacy and promoting his work among younger generations.
  • The event featured discussions on the impact of Medhi’s works on Assamese community identity and cultural preservation.
  • Cultural performances during the event showcased traditional Assamese art forms inspired by Medhi’s writings.
• Prelims Pointers:
  • Who was Pandit Kaliram Medhi?
    A prominent scholar known for his work in standardizing Assamese grammar and his contributions to Assamese literature.
  • Significance of Assamese Grammar:
    Medhi’s work played a crucial role in the development and standardization of the Assamese language.
  • Kanaklal Barua Auditorium:
    A cultural venue in Guwahati, often hosting events related to Assam’s literature and heritage.
• Mains Pointers:
  • Importance:
    1. Cultural Preservation: Celebrating Medhi’s contributions helps preserve Assam’s rich literary heritage.
    2. Language Standardization: His work in grammar provided a foundation for the modern Assamese language.
    3. Inspiration for Future Generations: Medhi’s life and works serve as a source of inspiration for scholars and writers.
    4. Promotion of Regional Identity: His contributions strengthen the cultural identity of the Assamese community.
    5. Educational Value: His writings are an important resource for students and researchers of Assamese literature.
  • Challenges:
    1. Declining Interest in Regional Literature: Globalization has led to a preference for English and other languages over regional literature.
    2. Digital Transition: Adapting Medhi’s works for digital platforms while retaining their essence is challenging.
    3. Limited Awareness: Many outside Assam are unaware of Medhi’s contributions.
    4. Preserving Original Manuscripts: Efforts are needed to preserve and digitize Medhi’s original manuscripts.
    5. Need for Institutional Support: Greater support from educational institutions is required to promote studies on Medhi’s work.
  • Way Ahead:
    1. Incorporating Medhi’s Works in Curriculum: Including his writings in academic syllabi can promote awareness among students.
    2. Digital Archives: Creating digital repositories of his works can enhance accessibility.
    3. Cultural Events: Organizing more events to celebrate literary figures like Medhi can boost interest in regional literature.
    4. Government Support: Funding research and initiatives focused on Assamese literary heritage can preserve Medhi’s legacy.
    5. Translation of Works: Translating Medhi’s writings into other languages can extend their reach beyond Assam.
• Conclusion:
  The commemoration of Pandit Kaliram Medhi’s legacy highlights the importance of preserving Assam’s literary and cultural heritage. His contributions continue to inspire efforts toward the promotion of regional languages and identity.

---

4. Community Involvement in Wildlife Conservation in Northeast India

Relevant to: Environment (GS Paper-III), Biodiversity Conservation (GS Paper-II)

Conclusion:
Community-driven conservation efforts in the Northeast illustrate the power of local engagement in preserving biodiversity. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern conservation methods can contribute to sustainable development and protect the region’s rich natural heritage.

Introduction:
Community-driven conservation efforts in Assam and other northeastern states have proven effective in preserving wildlife and ecosystems. Local involvement has been instrumental in protecting endangered species, reducing human-animal conflicts, and promoting sustainable practices.

Key Points:

In Assam, community efforts focus on protecting wetlands and bird habitats, crucial for migratory and native species.

Arunachal Pradesh saw a significant reduction in bird hunting after locals surrendered thousands of air guns.

Initiatives like the Amur Falcon Festival in Nagaland and Manipur have transformed hunting grounds into birdwatching hubs.

Assam’s conservation efforts involve local NGOs and district administrations in sustainable wetland management.

The involvement of locals in conservation has helped strengthen ecological balance and foster a culture of coexistence with nature.

Prelims Pointers:

What is the Amur Falcon Festival?
A festival in Nagaland and Manipur focused on protecting the migratory Amur Falcons, encouraging eco-tourism.

Role of Community Conservation:
Community participation is essential for protecting species outside formal protected areas and ensuring long-term sustainability.

Importance of Wetlands in Assam:
Wetlands are vital for supporting biodiversity, providing habitats for numerous species, and maintaining ecological balance.

Mains Pointers:

Importance:

Enhancing Ecosystem Health: Local involvement ensures the protection of species crucial for maintaining ecological health.

Promoting Ecotourism: Conservation efforts attract tourists, providing economic benefits to local communities.

Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflict: Awareness programs help reduce conflict between humans and wildlife, fostering coexistence.

Inspiring Sustainable Practices: Community initiatives set examples for sustainable practices that align with conservation goals.

Building Local Ownership: Engaging communities fosters a sense of ownership and commitment toward conservation goals.

Challenges:

Resource Constraints: Many community initiatives lack sufficient funding and technical expertise.

Cultural Practices: Traditional practices like hunting can conflict with conservation goals.

Continuous Education Needed: Sustaining awareness requires ongoing support from NGOs and the government.

Climate Change: Changes in climate can affect migration routes, complicating conservation efforts.

Balancing Development and Conservation: Ensuring that development projects do not harm conservation goals remains a challenge.

Way Ahead:

Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between NGOs, local communities, and businesses can provide additional resources.

Government Support for Community Projects: Grants and incentives for community-led conservation can boost participation.

Integrating Conservation in Education: Environmental education in schools can raise awareness from a young age.

Ecotourism Development: Investing in eco-friendly tourism infrastructure can create sustainable income sources.

Holistic Conservation Approach: A strategy that integrates livelihood generation with conservation can ensure long-term success.

APSC Prelims Practice Questions

Topic 1: Scientists Develop Next-Generation Antivenom

1. With reference to the development of next-generation antivenom in India, consider the following statements:
   1. The next-generation antivenom targets only the Russell’s viper, which is the most venomous snake in India.
   2. The new antivenom uses epitope-string toxin-specific peptide immunogens for improved efficacy.
   3. It was developed in collaboration with Premium Serum and Vaccines Pvt Ltd, Pune.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 is incorrect: The next-generation antivenom targets the ‘Big Four’ venomous snakes of India—Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper, spectacled cobra, and common krait.
2. Statement 2 is correct: The antivenom uses advanced peptide immunogens to neutralize venom more effectively.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The research was conducted in collaboration with Premium Serum and Vaccines Pvt Ltd, Pune.

---

Topic 2: Migratory Birds in Assam: Call for Conservation

2. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the significance of wetlands in Assam for migratory birds?
   1. Assam’s wetlands lie along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.
   2. Wetlands in Assam serve as wintering grounds for various migratory birds, playing a crucial role in seed dispersal and pest control.
   3. The primary threat to migratory birds in Assam is overfishing in the region’s rivers.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

Explanation:

2. Statement 1 is correct: Assam is part of the East Asian-Australasian and Central Asian Flyways, making it a key route for migratory birds.
3. Statement 2 is correct: Assam’s wetlands provide essential habitats for migratory birds, contributing to seed dispersal and pest control.
4. Statement 3 is incorrect: The primary threats to migratory birds in Assam include habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, rather than overfishing.

---

Topic 3: Commemorating Pandit Kaliram Medhi’s Contributions to Assamese Culture

3. Pandit Kaliram Medhi is best known for his contributions to which of the following areas?

(a) Indian classical music
(b) Standardization of Assamese grammar
(c) Botanical studies of Northeast India
(d) Development of traditional Assamese dance forms

Answer: (b) Standardization of Assamese grammar

Explanation:

3. Option (b) is correct: Pandit Kaliram Medhi is renowned for his work in standardizing Assamese grammar, which has been instrumental in shaping the modern Assamese language. He made significant contributions to Assamese literature and linguistic studies.

---

Topic 4: Community Involvement in Wildlife Conservation in Northeast India

4. Consider the following statements about community-driven wildlife conservation efforts in Northeast India:
   1. The Amur Falcon Festival in Nagaland and Manipur has helped reduce the hunting of Amur Falcons during their migration.
   2. Community initiatives in Arunachal Pradesh include the surrender of air guns, significantly reducing bird hunting.
   3. The main focus of community involvement in Assam is the protection of marine species in the Brahmaputra River.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

Explanation:

Statement 3 is incorrect: Community conservation efforts in Assam focus more on protecting wetlands and bird habitats rather than marine species in the Brahmaputra River.

Statement 1 is correct: The Amur Falcon Festival has been successful in transforming hunting grounds into birdwatching hubs in Nagaland and Manipur.

Statement 2 is correct: In Arunachal Pradesh, local communities have surrendered air guns to reduce bird hunting, contributing to conservation.

APSC Mains Practice Question

Q. Migratory birds play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance in regions like Assam. Analyze the importance of wetlands in Assam for migratory birds and the challenges they face. Suggest measures for the sustainable conservation of these wetlands while balancing the needs of local communities. (250 words)

---

Model Answer:

Introduction:
Assam’s wetlands, such as Deepor Beel and Kaziranga’s floodplains, serve as crucial habitats for migratory birds, especially during winter. These birds, arriving through the Central Asian and East Asian-Australasian flyways, contribute significantly to ecological balance and biodiversity.

Body:
Importance of Wetlands for Migratory Birds:

1. Habitat for Wintering and Breeding:
   • Wetlands provide safe nesting and roosting sites for migratory birds, ensuring their survival during harsh winters in their native regions.
   • Example: Deepor Beel is a designated Ramsar site, offering shelter to numerous species like the Siberian crane and Bar-headed goose.
2. Role in Ecosystem Services:
   • Migratory birds aid in pest control, seed dispersal, and pollination, which helps maintain the health of wetland ecosystems.
   • Their presence also supports the food web, benefiting aquatic life and other wetland-dependent species.
3. Boosting Ecotourism:
   • The arrival of migratory birds attracts birdwatchers and researchers, promoting ecotourism and providing economic benefits to local communities.
   • Example: Birdwatching activities in Kaziranga and Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary during winter months.

Challenges Faced by Wetlands and Migratory Birds:

1. Habitat Loss and Encroachment:
   • Expansion of urban areas and agricultural fields has led to the shrinking of wetland habitats, affecting the feeding and roosting areas for birds.
2. Pollution and Water Quality Degradation:
   • Industrial and domestic waste discharge into wetlands reduces water quality, impacting the availability of food for birds.
3. Climate Change:
   • Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns affect migration routes, breeding cycles, and the availability of food resources for birds.
4. Unregulated Tourism:
   • Increased tourist footfall during migration seasons can disturb the natural habitat of these birds, leading to stress and habitat disruption.

Measures for Sustainable Conservation:

1. Strengthening Legal Protections:
   • Enforcing stricter regulations under the Wildlife Protection Act and expanding protection to more wetlands can help preserve habitats.
2. Community-Based Conservation:
   • Involving local communities in the protection of wetlands can create a sense of ownership and responsibility towards conservation.
3. Restoring Degraded Wetlands:
   • Initiating projects for the restoration of degraded wetlands can improve the availability of habitats for migratory birds.
4. Promoting Ecotourism with Guidelines:
   • Developing eco-friendly tourism infrastructure and setting guidelines for tourist behavior can balance tourism with conservation needs.
5. Research and Monitoring:
   • Continuous monitoring of bird populations and their habitats can help in early detection of threats and guide adaptive management strategies.

Conclusion:
The conservation of Assam’s wetlands is vital for supporting migratory bird populations and maintaining ecological balance. A collaborative approach involving government, communities, and NGOs, combined with sustainable tourism practices, can ensure the protection of these critical habitats while benefiting local livelihoods.

✨ Looking for top-quality APSC online coaching at an affordable price?

🔔 Join Our WhatsApp Study Group!

For exclusive access to premium quality content, including study materials, current affairs, MCQs, and model answers for APSC CCE and other Assam competitive exams.

Click here to join: SuchitraACS Study WhatsApp Group

📚 Want to know more about SuchitraACS’s most affordable courses?

Click here to know more: SuchitraACS Courses for APSC CCE and Assam Competitive Examinations