APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (18/11/2024)

For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (18-11-2024). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.

Topic 1: Melting of Himalayan Glaciers and Its Consequences

GS Paper 1: Geography
GS Paper 3: Environment, Disaster Management

Introduction:
Himalayan glaciers, the source of several major rivers, are melting at an alarming rate due to climate change. This phenomenon has far-reaching impacts on water resources, agriculture, and regional ecosystems, posing a serious threat to millions of lives in South Asia.

Key Points:

• Himalayan glaciers like Gangotri are receding by 10-20 meters annually.
• Initial glacial melting increases river discharge, causing floods; long-term effects lead to reduced water flow.
• North bank tributaries of the Brahmaputra, largely glacier-fed, face similar risks.

Prelims Pointers:

• Gangotri Glacier: One of the primary sources of the Ganga River, showing rapid retreat.
• Cryosphere: Frozen water parts of Earth, critical to regulating global temperature.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Water Security: Provides water to millions across South Asia.
   • Agricultural Productivity: Irrigates vast tracts of farmland.
   • Ecosystem Balance: Supports riverine biodiversity.
   • Climate Regulation: Acts as a cooling system for the planet.
   • Tourism: Glaciers attract eco-tourists, boosting local economies.
2. Challenges:
   • Floods and Droughts: Increased extreme weather events disrupt livelihoods.
   • Soil Erosion: Accelerated erosion reduces agricultural land quality.
   • Urban Flooding: Rapid water flow overwhelms city infrastructure.
   • Reduced River Flow: Threatens water availability for drinking and agriculture.
   • Limited Data: Inadequate research on the Brahmaputra glacier-fed tributaries.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Sustainable Development: Promote eco-friendly practices to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
   • Afforestation: Plant vegetation to slow down soil erosion.
   • Data Collection: Enhance monitoring of glacial health through satellite and ground-based systems.
   • Water Management Policies: Develop transboundary frameworks for efficient resource sharing.
   • Community Awareness: Educate people on climate change adaptation strategies.

Conclusion:
The melting of Himalayan glaciers is a clear warning about the impacts of global warming. Proactive measures combining scientific research, policy interventions, and community involvement are critical to mitigate the effects and ensure sustainability.

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Topic 2: India’s Stand at COP29 on Climate Finance

GS Paper 2: International Relations
GS Paper 3: Environment

Introduction:
At COP29, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, India criticized developed nations for failing to provide sufficient financial and technological support to help developing countries combat climate change, emphasizing historical responsibilities for greenhouse gas emissions.

Key Points:

• India demanded greater commitment to the Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) to support developing nations.
• Highlighted the disparity between emission responsibilities and financial contributions.
• Stressed the importance of respecting the Paris Agreement’s principles of equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR).

Prelims Pointers:

• COP29: Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• CBDR: Principle that holds developed nations responsible for greater climate action.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Climate Justice: Ensures fairness in global climate negotiations.
   • Technological Transfers: Facilitates access to advanced green technology for developing nations.
   • Global Cooperation: Strengthens international partnerships to combat climate challenges.
   • Equity in Responsibility: Aligns with India’s developmental priorities while ensuring sustainable growth.
   • Leadership Role: Positions India as a voice for the Global South.
2. Challenges:
   • Delayed Commitments: Developed nations fail to meet climate finance targets.
   • Policy Divergence: Conflicts over national priorities delay agreements.
   • Dependence on Fossil Fuels: Limits transition to renewable energy.
   • Economic Constraints: High cost of climate adaptation measures for low-income nations.
   • Accountability Issues: Lack of enforcement mechanisms for climate finance pledges.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Binding Agreements: Push for enforceable climate finance targets at global forums.
   • Renewable Energy Investments: Promote solar and wind energy projects under the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
   • Capacity Building: Train local communities in climate adaptation techniques.
   • Climate Adaptation Funds: Advocate for increased allocation of the Green Climate Fund (GCF).
   • South-South Cooperation: Enhance collaboration among developing nations for knowledge-sharing.

Conclusion:
India’s assertive stance at COP29 underscores the urgency of equitable climate action. Ensuring that developed countries fulfill their obligations is essential to achieving global climate goals.

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Topic 3: Biofuel Development in Northeast India

GS Paper 3: Science and Technology, Environment

Introduction:
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has identified the Northeast region as a key area for advancing India’s biofuel mission. Leveraging the region’s rich biodiversity and agricultural potential, the initiative aims to promote sustainable energy and rural development.

Key Points:

• Assam and other northeastern states have significant potential for producing biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel using agricultural residues and forest biomass.
• The initiative aligns with the National Policy on Biofuels (2018), which targets 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025.
• Biofuel production centers are being planned in states like Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh, emphasizing bamboo and oilseed utilization.

Prelims Pointers:

• National Policy on Biofuels (2018): Aims to promote biofuel production and use in transportation and energy.
• Ethanol Blending Program (EBP): Targets blending ethanol with petrol to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.
• Second-Generation Biofuels: Fuels derived from non-food biomass like agricultural residues.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Energy Security: Reduces dependency on fossil fuel imports.
   • Economic Development: Creates jobs in biofuel production and supply chains.
   • Waste Management: Utilizes agricultural residues that would otherwise be burned.
   • Environmental Benefits: Reduces greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
   • Regional Development: Boosts the economy of the Northeast, leveraging its natural resources.
2. Challenges:
   • Infrastructure Deficit: Limited processing facilities for biofuels.
   • Resource Allocation: Competing uses of biomass for food, fodder, and fuel.
   • Policy Implementation: Delays in regulatory clearances and funding allocations.
   • Market Barriers: Limited demand for biofuels due to cost and lack of awareness.
   • Technological Gaps: Need for advanced technologies for efficient biofuel production.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Government Support: Provide subsidies and incentives for biofuel production units.
   • Research and Development: Focus on innovative technologies for second-generation biofuels.
   • Public Awareness Campaigns: Educate farmers and industries on the benefits of biofuels.
   • Infrastructure Development: Establish dedicated bio-refineries and storage facilities.
   • Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaborations between industries and governments to boost investments.

Conclusion:
Biofuel development in Northeast India presents a unique opportunity to combine energy sustainability with regional growth. Addressing challenges through policy support, infrastructure, and awareness can make the region a leader in India’s biofuel revolution.

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Topic 4: AFSPA Reimposition in Manipur – A Governance Challenge

GS Paper 2: Polity and Governance
Introduction:
The recent reimposition of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in six police station areas of Manipur has sparked debates on the necessity and implications of the controversial law. While the government defends its decision citing regional volatility, civil society groups and the state government have opposed it, demanding a review.

Key Points:

• The AFSPA empowers the armed forces with special operational authority in “disturbed areas.”
• Manipur, which has seen intermittent AFSPA coverage, had large areas excluded in 2022. The current reimposition marks a reversal of the policy.
• The state government formally requested the Centre to withdraw the notification.

Prelims Pointers:

• AFSPA, 1958: Grants armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas.”
• Disturbed Areas Notification: Issued by the Central or State Government under Section 3 of AFSPA.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Security Maintenance: Helps curb insurgency and maintain law and order.
   • Operational Flexibility: Provides armed forces autonomy in conflict zones.
   • Peacebuilding: Enables government focus on developmental programs.
   • Legal Backing: Protects forces from undue harassment during critical operations.
   • Economic Stability: Secures areas for investment and economic activities.
2. Challenges:
   • Human Rights Concerns: Allegations of misuse leading to extra-judicial killings.
   • Erosion of Trust: Deepens mistrust between security forces and local communities.
   • Judicial Accountability: Limited judicial oversight of armed forces’ actions.
   • Development Hindrance: Instills fear, slowing regional growth.
   • Overreach: Perceived overreach of military authority undermines democratic governance.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Transparency Measures: Strengthen grievance redressal mechanisms for affected populations.
   • Gradual Withdrawal: Phase out AFSPA from stable areas to build public trust.
   • Judicial Review: Ensure periodic legal assessment of its implementation.
   • Local Stakeholder Engagement: Foster dialogue between armed forces, civil society, and local leaders.
   • Police Reforms: Enhance local police capabilities to reduce dependency on AFSPA.

Conclusion:
AFSPA remains a contentious yet vital tool for maintaining security in volatile regions. Its application must balance national security with the protection of human rights to foster peace and trust.

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Topic 5: Guwahati’s Satisfactory AQI amidst Rising Air Pollution in India

GS Paper 3: Environment and Public Health

Introduction:
The Pollution Control Board of Assam reported a satisfactory Air Quality Index (AQI) in Guwahati compared to deteriorating conditions across major Indian cities. This reflects successful local measures despite global challenges of increasing air pollution.

Key Points:

• Guwahati’s AQI stood at 86, classified as satisfactory, while other Indian metros faced severe air quality crises.
• Emphasis on afforestation, stricter vehicle emission norms, and awareness drives contributed to better AQI in the region.

Prelims Pointers:

• AQI Categories: Good (0-50), Satisfactory (51-100), Moderate (101-200), Poor (201-300), Very Poor (301-400), Severe (401-500).
• Key Pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and Ozone.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Health Benefits: Lower pollution levels reduce respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
   • Tourism Appeal: Clean air enhances Guwahati’s image as a tourist-friendly destination.
   • Climate Impact: Reflects regional commitment to mitigating air pollution.
   • Policy Model: Sets an example for other Indian cities struggling with pollution.
   • Local Economy: Cleaner air fosters productivity and economic activities.
2. Challenges:
   • Seasonal Variations: AQI worsens during winters due to crop residue burning.
   • Industrial Emissions: Unchecked industrial activities can spike pollutants.
   • Vehicle Emissions: Rising urbanization leads to increased vehicular density.
   • Public Awareness: Limited understanding of pollution control measures.
   • Resource Constraints: Inadequate funding for advanced monitoring systems.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Policy Enforcement: Strengthen regulations on industrial and vehicular emissions.
   • Public Awareness Campaigns: Educate citizens on reducing pollution footprints.
   • Clean Energy Transition: Encourage solar and electric vehicle adoption.
   • Community Participation: Engage local stakeholders in pollution control initiatives.
   • Innovative Technology: Adopt AI-based monitoring for real-time pollutant tracking.

Conclusion:
Guwahati’s AQI performance amidst rising pollution elsewhere is commendable. Sustained efforts and innovative measures can make it a model city for clean air in India.

APSC Prelims Practice Questions

Topic 1: Melting of Himalayan Glaciers and Its Consequences

Question 1: With reference to the Himalayan glaciers, consider the following statements:

1. The Gangotri Glacier is the largest glacier in the world.
2. The melting of Himalayan glaciers contributes to both floods and droughts in South Asia.
3. Glaciers in the Himalayas primarily feed rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 2 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: C. 2 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Gangotri Glacier is one of the largest glaciers in the Himalayas but not the largest in the world.
• Statement 2 is correct. The melting of glaciers causes floods due to increased discharge initially and droughts later due to reduced flow.
• Statement 3 is incorrect. Himalayan rivers flow into both the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

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Topic 2: India’s Stand at COP29 on Climate Finance

Question 2: With reference to COP29 and India’s stance on climate finance, consider the following statements:

1. The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) emphasizes equal responsibilities for climate mitigation among all nations.
2. The Green Climate Fund was established under the Paris Agreement to finance climate adaptation and mitigation projects.
3. India called for greater commitments from developed countries under the Mitigation Work Programme (MWP).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The CBDR principle advocates differentiated responsibilities, acknowledging the higher historical emissions of developed nations.
• Statement 2 is correct. The Green Climate Fund supports developing nations in climate adaptation and mitigation, as part of the UNFCCC framework.
• Statement 3 is correct. India urged developed nations to strengthen commitments under the MWP at COP29.

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Topic 3: Biofuel Development in Northeast India

Question 3: Consider the following statements about biofuel development in India:

1. The National Policy on Biofuels (2018) promotes ethanol production from food grains exclusively.
2. Bamboo is being explored as a biofuel resource in states like Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.
3. Biofuel production in the Northeast contributes to achieving India’s target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The policy promotes the production of ethanol from both food and non-food feedstocks, including agricultural residues.
• Statement 2 is correct. Bamboo is being used in biofuel initiatives in the Northeast due to its abundance.
• Statement 3 is correct. The initiatives in the Northeast align with India’s ethanol blending target.

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Topic 4: AFSPA Reimposition in Manipur – A Governance Challenge

Question 4: With reference to the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), consider the following statements:

1. AFSPA can be invoked in any state of India at the discretion of the Central Government.
2. The Act provides immunity to armed forces personnel from prosecution in civilian courts for actions taken under its provisions.
3. Only the Parliament of India can repeal AFSPA once it is imposed in a state.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B. 2 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect. AFSPA can be invoked in “disturbed areas” declared by either the State or Central Government under Section 3 of the Act.
• Statement 2 is correct. The Act provides immunity to security forces from prosecution without prior sanction from the Central Government.
• Statement 3 is incorrect. AFSPA can be repealed by the respective state or Central Government, not just Parliament.

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Topic 5: Guwahati’s Satisfactory AQI amidst Rising Air Pollution in India

Question 5: Consider the following statements regarding Air Quality Index (AQI):

1. AQI takes into account pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and Ozone.
2. An AQI reading between 51-100 is categorized as “Moderate.”
3. Afforestation and stricter vehicle emission norms are major contributors to Guwahati’s better air quality compared to other metros.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A. 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

Statement 3 is correct. Guwahati’s improved air quality is attributed to afforestation and vehicle emission control.

Statement 1 is correct. AQI measures pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and Ozone.

Statement 2 is incorrect. An AQI reading between 51-100 is categorized as “Satisfactory,” not “Moderate.”

APSC Mains Practice Question

Question:

The melting of Himalayan glaciers poses significant challenges for South Asia, impacting water security, agriculture, and disaster management. Discuss the causes, implications, and measures required to mitigate the effects of glacier retreat in the region. (250 words)

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Model Answer

Introduction:
Himalayan glaciers, often referred to as the “water towers of Asia,” are critical for sustaining the livelihoods of millions. However, climate change has accelerated their melting, creating severe implications for water security, agriculture, and ecosystems across South Asia.

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Body:

Causes of Glacier Retreat:

1. Global Warming: Rising temperatures increase the melting rate of glaciers.
2. Pollution: Soot and black carbon deposition reduce glacier albedo, enhancing heat absorption.
3. Deforestation: Loss of forest cover impacts local climatic conditions.
4. Unregulated Tourism: Activities near glaciers contribute to environmental degradation.

Implications:

1. Water Security: Glaciers feed major rivers like the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus; reduced flow impacts millions.
2. Agriculture: Altered river discharge disrupts irrigation schedules and crop cycles.
3. Disasters: Rapid melting causes glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and flash floods.
4. Ecosystem Imbalance: Threatens riverine biodiversity and ecosystem services.
5. Economic Losses: Tourism and hydropower sectors face risks due to erratic glacier behavior.

Measures to Mitigate Glacier Retreat:

1. Climate Action: Strengthen global and national commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Research and Monitoring: Enhance glacier monitoring through satellite imaging and ground-based studies.
3. Afforestation: Promote large-scale afforestation to stabilize microclimates.
4. Disaster Preparedness: Develop early warning systems for GLOFs and floods.
5. Community Awareness: Educate local populations about sustainable practices and climate adaptation.

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Conclusion:
The retreat of Himalayan glaciers is a stark reminder of the urgency of climate action. Collaborative efforts across nations, supported by robust policies and community engagement, are essential to mitigate the cascading impacts of this environmental crisis while ensuring sustainable development in South Asia.

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