APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (18/10/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (18-10-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
✨ APSC CCE Online Coaching, 2026
🌏 India–Myanmar Border Trade and Connectivity Amid Political Unrest
📘 GS Paper II – India’s Neighbourhood Relations | Act East Policy
📘 GS Paper III – Infrastructure | Security | Economy
📘 GS Paper V – Assam & Northeast Affairs
🔹 Introduction
The ongoing political instability in Myanmar following the 2021 military coup has disrupted India’s border trade and connectivity projects crucial for the Act East Policy.
Assam, being the gateway to the Northeast’s international corridors, faces cascading effects on trade flow, infrastructure development, and regional integration. The closure of Moreh (Manipur) and Zokhawthar (Mizoram) routes and insecurity in border areas have slowed key projects such as the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project and the India–Myanmar–Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway, affecting connectivity from Assam to Southeast Asia.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Border Trade Points | Moreh–Tamu (Manipur), Zokhawthar–Rikhawdar (Mizoram) – both affected by Myanmar unrest. |
| Projects Affected | Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project (Sittwe–Paletwa–Mizoram), IMT Highway (Moreh–Mae Sot). |
| Strategic Objective | Enhance India–ASEAN connectivity, integrate NE economy with SE Asia. |
| Agencies Involved | Ministry of External Affairs, DoNER, NHAI, Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI). |
| Trade Volume Decline | Border trade fell by ~60% in FY 2024–25 (Source: MEA Data). |
| Assam’s Role | Acts as a logistics and trans-shipment hub (Silchar, Guwahati) connecting to Imphal–Moreh and Mizoram–Kaladan routes. |
| Regional Ripple Effect | Disruption affects movement of goods via the Brahmaputra–Barak corridor and Assam’s exports to SE Asia. |
🧭 Strategic & Economic Significance
Gateway to ASEAN:
The Act East Policy hinges on smooth connectivity through Myanmar to access Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Economic Diversification for NE:
Boosts trade in tea, bamboo, textiles, and horticulture from Assam and adjoining states.
Security and Stability Linkage:
Stable Myanmar is vital for curbing insurgency and smuggling networks across NE borders.
Cultural Linkages:
Shared Buddhist and ethnic ties (Kuki–Chin, Naga tribes) facilitate people-to-people engagement.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project:
Connects Kolkata Port → Sittwe Port (Myanmar) → Paletwa (inland) → Lawngtlai (Mizoram).
Implemented by the Ministry of External Affairs with partial funding from India–ASEAN Connectivity Fund.
IMT Trilateral Highway:
1,360 km highway connecting Moreh (India) → Tamu–Kalewa–Mandalay (Myanmar) → Mae Sot (Thailand).
Executed by NHAI and Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
Border Haats: Facilitate informal trade and local livelihood exchange across India–Myanmar frontier.
Look East → Act East Policy: Launched in 1991, upgraded in 2014 to emphasize physical connectivity and trade facilitation.
ASEAN–India Framework Agreement on Trade in Goods: 2009.
🧩 Mains Pointers
A. Significance for Assam and Northeast
| Dimension | Relevance |
| Economic Growth | Enhances exports (tea, bamboo, handloom, fruits) via multimodal corridors. |
| Logistics Hub Development | Guwahati, Silchar, and Nagaon can serve as warehousing centres. |
| Tourism Linkages | Buddhist circuit (Tawang–Imphal–Bagan–Yangon) potential. |
| Strategic Integration | Reduces isolation of NE states, linking them with SE Asian growth corridors. |
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Myanmar’s Political Instability | Military rule has disrupted trade routes and cross-border projects. |
| Insurgency & Security Threats | Cross-border movement of arms, narcotics, and militants via Sagaing & Chin states. |
| Infrastructure Bottlenecks | Delays in road construction and bridge completion (Tamu–Kalewa stretch). |
| Limited Institutional Coordination | Poor synergy between MEA, DoNER, and state agencies. |
| Non-Tariff Barriers | Customs clearance and regulatory inconsistencies hamper trade flow. |
C. India’s Response & Initiatives
Diplomatic Engagement: Regular security dialogues between MEA and Myanmar’s junta to ensure project continuity.
Trilateral Cooperation: India–Thailand–Myanmar working group reviews IMT progress quarterly.
Infrastructure Upgrades:
BRO completing Kalewa–Yargi sector under challenging conditions.
Sittwe Port operationalized in 2023 to boost coastal cargo connectivity.
Development Projects in NE India:
North East Economic Corridor (NEEC) connecting Assam’s industrial clusters to international borders.
Land Port Authority of India (LPAI) strengthening border trade infrastructure.
Security Measures: Enhanced intelligence coordination under Unified Command (Assam) and Home Ministry’s CAPFs.
D. Way Forward
Stabilize Border Security: Expand joint patrolling with Myanmar and strengthen fencing in sensitive stretches.
Accelerate Infrastructure Completion: Expedite pending works of IMT Highway and Kaladan link.
Economic Diversification: Develop integrated Border Trade Zones in Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam.
Regional Diplomacy: Engage ASEAN through BIMSTEC and Mekong–Ganga Cooperation for collective resilience.
Community Engagement: Support ethnic border communities with livelihood alternatives to reduce illicit activities.
Leverage Digital Corridors: Implement Unified Customs and e-Trade platforms to ease transactions.
🧩 Conclusion
A stable and connected India–Myanmar corridor is the linchpin of India’s Act East Policy and the economic transformation of Northeast India.
Assam’s strategic location can turn it into a transit and logistics nucleus, provided connectivity projects are insulated from geopolitical shocks through multi-stakeholder cooperation, resilient infrastructure, and peace diplomacy.
✅ Value Additions for APSC Answers
India–Myanmar Border Length: 1,643 km (spanning Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram).
India–ASEAN Trade (2024–25): ~USD 116 billion.
IMT Highway completion target: 2026.
Sittwe Port cargo operationalization: 2023 (first trial shipment from Kolkata).
Policy Linkages:
Act East Policy (2014)
National Logistics Policy (2022)
PM Gati Shakti Plan (2021)
🌿 Deepor Beel Wetland Restoration Drive & Guwahati Water Security Plan
📘 GS Paper III – Environment, Ecology, Water Resources, Disaster Management
📘 GS Paper II – Urban Governance & Policy Implementation
📘 GS Paper V – Assam-Specific: Environmental Management & Urban Resilience
🔹 Introduction
The Deepor Beel, a Ramsar wetland and Guwahati’s only major natural water reservoir, plays a vital role in urban hydrology, biodiversity, and groundwater recharge.
In October 2025, the Assam government and Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC), in collaboration with the Forest Department and the State Climate Resilience Fund (SCRF), launched a comprehensive restoration drive under the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA).
The initiative aims to address flooding, pollution, and encroachment, linking it to Guwahati’s Urban Water Security Plan 2030.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Implementing Agencies | GMC, Forest Dept., Assam Urban Development Dept., and SCRF Secretariat |
| Funding Support | ₹210 crore under NPCA & SCRF (50:50 sharing between Centre & State) |
| Objectives | <ul><li>Rejuvenate Deepor Beel’s hydrological regime</li><li>Improve water quality & biodiversity</li><li>Prevent urban flooding through natural retention</li></ul> |
| Major Components | <ul><li>Waste interception and sewage diversion channels</li><li>Eviction of encroachments and illegal settlements</li><li>Creation of eco-parks and birding zones</li><li>AI-based water quality monitoring stations</li></ul> |
| Associated Programmes | <ul><li>“Guwahati Water Security Plan 2030” – long-term urban flood management</li><li>“Clean Wetlands Mission – Assam” (under DoNER)</li></ul> |
| Ramsar Status | Declared a Ramsar Site in 2002; part of the Deepor Beel Wildlife Sanctuary (4.1 sq km) |
🧭 Ecological Significance of Deepor Beel
Hydrological Buffer:
Acts as a natural stormwater reservoir preventing urban flooding.
Biodiversity Hotspot:
Over 220 bird species, including spot-billed pelicans, lesser adjutant storks, and migratory waterfowl.
Livelihood Source:
Supports fishing, wetland farming, and ecotourism for ~1,200 local households.
Groundwater Recharge:
Contributes to the city’s aquifer replenishment, ensuring year-round water supply.
Carbon Sink & Microclimate Regulation:
Moderates urban heat and absorbs greenhouse gases.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Ramsar Site Criteria: Wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention, 1971.
NPCA (National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems):
Launched in 2013 by MoEFCC, merging the earlier National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) and National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP).
Deepor Beel’s Threats:
Encroachment, municipal solid waste dumping (from Boragaon), sewage inflow, and siltation from Basistha & Bharalu rivers.
SCRF (State Climate Resilience Fund): Assam’s dedicated fund (2025) for adaptation projects like flood control, wetland revival, and green infrastructure.
UN SDG Alignment: SDG-6 (Clean Water), SDG-13 (Climate Action), SDG-15 (Life on Land).
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Restoration for Guwahati
| Dimension | Impact |
| Urban Flood Mitigation | Acts as a natural retention basin for monsoon runoff; reducing flash floods in Beltola–Lal Ganesh–Basistha corridors. |
| Drinking Water Source | Supports Guwahati’s groundwater balance and quality for future urban supply. |
| Biodiversity Conservation | Protects avifauna and aquatic ecology within the Brahmaputra floodplain ecosystem. |
| Climate Resilience | Enhances adaptive capacity against erratic monsoon and rising temperatures. |
| Sustainable Urban Planning | Integrates with Smart City’s water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) approach. |
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Description |
| Encroachment | Over 1,200 illegal structures including housing colonies and commercial units around the wetland. |
| Solid Waste Dumping | Boragaon landfill caused leachate contamination; only partially relocated. |
| Unregulated Urbanization | Conversion of low-lying areas and paddy fields to residential zones. |
| Hydrological Obstruction | Railway embankments restrict water flow from Basistha–Kalmoni channels. |
| Institutional Coordination Gap | Overlap between GMC, Water Resources Dept., and Forest Dept. hampers implementation. |
C. Government & Judicial Interventions
Assam High Court Orders (2022–24):
Directed removal of the Boragaon dumping site and protection of notified wetland boundaries.
Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017:
Empowered state authorities to regulate land use and restrict polluting activities.
Deepor Beel Management Authority (DBMA):
Established in 2025 for unified governance of the wetland and catchment area.
“Mission Deepor 2030” (proposed):
Integrates wetland restoration with water supply and tourism management.
AI-Based Flood Monitoring:
Part of Guwahati Smart City’s climate adaptation project under CITIIS 2.0.
D. Way Forward
Integrated Wetland Management Plan:
Coordinate GMC, Forest Dept., and Pollution Control Board under a single authority.
Community Co-Management:
Empower local fisher cooperatives and women’s SHGs to maintain wetland hygiene and promote eco-tourism.
Eco-friendly Infrastructure:
Replace landfill zones with constructed wetlands and decentralized sewage treatment units (STPs).
Blue-Green Urban Policy:
Integrate Deepor Beel into Guwahati’s Urban Resilience Master Plan.
Scientific Monitoring:
Regular hydrological mapping using drones and IoT sensors for early warning during monsoon.
🧩 Conclusion
The Deepor Beel restoration marks a crucial shift from reactive flood management to nature-based urban resilience.
By restoring its ecological functions and integrating it into Guwahati’s Water Security Plan, Assam can transform Deepor Beel into a model of sustainable wetland governance, balancing conservation with community well-being.
✅ Value Additions (For APSC Enrichment)
Deepor Beel Ramsar ID: 1207
Area: ~40 sq km (seasonal variation)
Recent Initiative (2025): “Adopt-a-Wetland” scheme – IIT Guwahati partners with GMC for AI-based monitoring.
Bird Census 2025: 15,500 migratory birds recorded (an increase of 18% from 2023).
Comparative Insight: Similar urban wetland rejuvenation projects — Loktak Lake (Manipur), Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan).
🌧️ Guwahati Smart City: Urban Drainage and Climate Adaptation Projects
📘 GS Paper II – Urban Development & Governance
📘 GS Paper III – Disaster Management | Climate Change | Infrastructure
📘 GS Paper V – Assam & Northeast Dimension: Urban Resilience & Sustainable Planning
🔹 Introduction
Guwahati, Assam’s largest city and economic hub, faces increasing flood and drainage crises due to unplanned urbanization, siltation, and climate variability.
In October 2025, under the Guwahati Smart City Mission, the state government launched a set of AI-enabled urban drainage and climate adaptation projects supported by the World Bank’s CITIIS 2.0 (City Investments to Innovate, Integrate and Sustain) programme.
This marks a transition from ad-hoc flood control to integrated climate-resilient urban planning for the Brahmaputra valley.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Implementing Agency | Guwahati Smart City Ltd. (GSCL) under Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) |
| Financial Support | ₹480 crore (₹200 cr from Smart City Mission, ₹150 cr from World Bank CITIIS 2.0, ₹130 cr from State Climate Resilience Fund – SCRF) |
| Major Components | <ul><li>AI-driven flood forecasting & real-time monitoring system</li><li>Stormwater network modernization (Bharalu–Basistha–Bahini basin)</li><li>Construction of underground water retention chambers</li><li>Urban green corridor & permeable pavement zones</li></ul> |
| Technological Partners | IIT Guwahati, National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), and IMD for climate modeling |
| Goal | To make Guwahati a “Water Smart City” resilient to floods and climate stress by 2030 |
🧠 Background & Context
Guwahati’s flood vulnerability arises from low-lying topography, encroachment on natural drainage channels, and intense rainfall episodes exceeding 100 mm/hour.
The IPCC AR6 and IMD reports (2024) flagged Guwahati among the top 10 Indian cities highly exposed to climate-induced flash floods.
Past engineering responses (drain cleaning, embankments) were reactive; the 2025 plan emphasizes nature-based solutions and data-driven climate modelling.
🧭 Objectives of the New Drainage & Climate Projects
Predictive Flood Management – using AI and IoT for early warning.
Integrated Stormwater Network Rehabilitation – desilting, widening, and restoring drainage capacity.
Urban Sponge Design – promoting permeable surfaces, green rooftops, and retention parks.
Smart Water Management – rainwater harvesting and recharge wells in public institutions.
Citizen Engagement – community-based monitoring and awareness on waste disposal and flood readiness.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
CITIIS 2.0:
Implemented by NIUA with World Bank and AFD (France) support.
Focuses on climate resilience, innovation, and data governance.
Smart Cities Mission (2015): Flagship MoHUA initiative to promote citizen-centric urban transformation through technology and sustainability.
Assam Climate Resilience Fund (SCRF): Created in 2025 for adaptation and mitigation financing.
Urban Heat Island Effect:
More severe in Guwahati due to deforestation and concrete growth; mitigated by green corridors.
Urban Flood Hotspots: Bharalu, Anil Nagar, Nabin Nagar, Rukminigaon, and Bhetapara areas.
🧾 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of the Project for Assam
| Dimension | Impact |
| Urban Flood Reduction | Predictive AI flood alerts allow proactive pumping and drainage management. |
| Climate Adaptation | Enhances resilience against erratic rainfall and Brahmaputra overflow events. |
| Economic Productivity | Reduces monsoon-related business disruption in commercial hubs. |
| Environmental Sustainability | Replaces concrete drains with bio-swales and retention parks. |
| Citizen Services | Integrates urban water data into the “Smart Guwahati Dashboard” for real-time public alerts. |
B. Key Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Encroachment on Natural Channels | Over 100 natural drains have been obstructed by illegal construction. |
| Siltation and Waste Dumping | Improper solid waste disposal blocks drainage outlets. |
| Fragmented Institutional Roles | Lack of coordination among GMC, WRD, and GSCL. |
| Climate Uncertainty | Unpredictable rainfall patterns complicate engineering design. |
| Public Awareness Deficit | Citizens unaware of waste-flood linkage; limited community participation. |
C. Institutional & Policy Measures
Integrated Urban Flood Management Cell (2025):
Established under GSCL with representatives from WRD, IMD, and IIT Guwahati.
AI-based Hydrological Forecasting:
Predicts localized flooding 3–6 hours in advance using rainfall and topography models.
Urban Green Corridors:
Plantation belts along Bharalu and Bahini drains to absorb runoff and reduce heat.
Rainwater Harvesting Mandate:
Incorporated in the Guwahati Building Bye-Laws 2025.
Digital Twin Modelling:
Virtual 3D city model to simulate flood scenarios and drainage stress points.
D. Way Forward
Integrated Drainage Master Plan: Align Smart City drainage projects with Assam’s Urban Flood Resilience Policy (2024).
Eco-Engineering Solutions: Use bamboo-reinforced check dams and vegetated retention ponds.
Public Participation: Involve RWAs and local youth in drain maintenance and early warning dissemination.
Data Integration: Link real-time data to Assam Disaster Management Portal for state-level coordination.
Scalability: Replicate Guwahati’s smart flood system in Dibrugarh, Silchar, and Jorhat.
🧩 Conclusion
The 2025 Guwahati Smart City initiative reflects a paradigm shift from reactive flood control to predictive, technology-enabled climate adaptation.
By embedding sustainability and citizen participation in urban planning, it can transform Guwahati into a model of climate-resilient urban governance for the entire Northeast.
✅ Value Additions (for APSC Answers)
Flood Vulnerability Index (Assam, 2024): Guwahati ranked among top 5 Indian cities.
CITIIS 2.0 Project Duration: 2024–2030 (implemented in 18 Indian cities).
Rainfall Trend: 20% increase in extreme precipitation days (IMD Assam, 2010–2024).
Global Example: Rotterdam Climate Proof project — AI-based drainage model replicated in Guwahati’s system design.
SDG Alignment:
SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities)
SDG 13 (Climate Action)
SDG 6 (Clean Water & Sanitation)
🏥 Assam’s Rural Health Mission: Expansion of Telemedicine and e-Sanjeevani
📘 GS Paper II – Health, Governance, and Welfare Schemes
📘 GS Paper III – Science & Technology in Everyday Life
📘 GS Paper V – Assam & NE Dimension: Rural Development and Health Infrastructure
🔹 Introduction
To address the persistent rural–urban health divide, the Assam government in October 2025 launched an ambitious plan to expand telemedicine and the e-Sanjeevani platform to all rural sub-centres and health blocks by 2026 under the National Health Mission (NHM–Assam).
This digital health initiative aligns with the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), aiming to ensure equitable, accessible, and affordable healthcare delivery across Assam’s difficult terrains—char areas, hill districts, and flood-prone regions.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Implementing Agencies | National Health Mission (NHM-Assam), Dept. of Health & Family Welfare, in coordination with NIC & MoHFW |
| Platform Used | e-Sanjeevani OPD & e-Sanjeevani AB-HWC (Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centre mode) |
| Target | 100% telemedicine coverage across 4,500+ Sub-Centres, PHCs, and CHCs by 2026 |
| Funding Source | NHM and State Budget (₹240 crore earmarked for 2025-26) |
| Technology Partners | C-DAC Pune (software) & NIC Assam State Centre (integration) |
| Priority Districts (Phase I) | Dima Hasao, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Majuli, Kokrajhar, Karbi Anglong |
| Services Offered | Tele-consultation, e-prescription, diagnostics integration, referral to tertiary hospitals |
| Expected Beneficiaries | 70 lakh rural residents, especially women, children, and elderly populations |
🩺 Rationale Behind Expansion
Shortage of Doctors in Rural Areas:
Assam faces ~35% shortfall of MBBS doctors at PHC level (Rural Health Statistics, 2024).
Geographical Barriers:
Remote and riverine areas have poor physical access to district hospitals.
Digital Health Push:
Integration with Ayushman Bharat Digital Health ID (ABHA) ensures medical history portability.
Pandemic Experience:
COVID-19 highlighted telemedicine’s potential for continuity of care.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
e-Sanjeevani Platform:
Developed by C-DAC Mohali for MoHFW.
Two variants:
e-Sanjeevani OPD – patient-to-doctor teleconsultation.
e-Sanjeevani AB-HWC – doctor-to-doctor teleconsultation between HWCs and specialists.
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM):
Launched in 2021; provides unique digital health IDs (ABHA) and interoperable electronic health records.
National Health Mission (NHM):
Umbrella programme combining NRHM and NUHM.
Assam among top performing states in institutional deliveries and immunization coverage (NFHS-5).
Telemedicine Network in NE:
Supported by North East Telemedicine Network (NETN) linking AIIMS Guwahati, GMCH, and district hospitals.
Legal Framework:
Telemedicine Practice Guidelines (2020) issued by Medical Council of India and MoHFW.
🧾 Mains Pointers
A. Significance for Assam
| Dimension | Explanation |
| Equitable Healthcare Access | Enables rural and tribal populations to consult urban specialists. |
| Cost & Time Efficiency | Reduces travel expenses, especially during floods or poor road connectivity. |
| Continuity of Care | Electronic records ensure follow-up and referral management. |
| Empowerment of HWCs | ANMs and CHOs act as first contact points equipped with digital tools. |
| Public Health Surveillance | Facilitates real-time disease reporting and analytics. |
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Digital Divide | Poor internet connectivity in hill and char regions hampers service quality. |
| Manpower Training | Health staff need ICT literacy and teleconsultation skills. |
| Data Privacy & Cybersecurity | Ensuring compliance with Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. |
| Cultural & Linguistic Barriers | Local dialects and health beliefs affect teleconsultation acceptance. |
| Maintenance & Power Reliability | Continuous electricity and system maintenance remain constraints. |
C. Government Initiatives & Institutional Measures
Telemedicine Hubs: AIIMS Guwahati and GMCH designated as regional hubs for specialist consultations.
Integration with ABDM: ABHA IDs being issued to all beneficiaries for electronic medical record continuity.
Skill Development: NHM conducting “Digital Health Mitra” training for health staff.
Assam Digital Health Mission (ADHM): State-level blueprint launched in 2024 for integrating telehealth, diagnostics, and AI analytics.
Public–Private Partnership (PPP): Pilot tele-radiology and tele-ICU projects in partnership with Tata Trusts and Apollo Telehealth.
D. Way Forward
Strengthen Digital Infrastructure: Expand 4G/5G connectivity in remote areas under BharatNet Phase-III.
Localized Language Interfaces: Integrate Assamese and Bodo-language support in e-Sanjeevani.
Monitoring and Feedback: Introduce performance dashboards for service tracking and user satisfaction.
Data Governance Framework: Adopt Health Data Management Policy (HDMP) to safeguard patient information.
Community Awareness: Conduct health literacy campaigns through ASHA and SHG networks to boost telemedicine uptake.
🧩 Conclusion
The expansion of telemedicine and e-Sanjeevani under Assam’s Rural Health Mission represents a transformative step toward Digital Public Health Equity.
By blending technology, inclusivity, and capacity building, Assam can emerge as a model state in digital health governance, bridging rural healthcare gaps and aligning with India’s Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Vision 2030.
🍃 Agricultural Export Cluster for Tea and Agri-Products at Tinsukia
📘 GS Paper III – Economy | Agriculture | Infrastructure
📘 GS Paper II – Government Policies & Schemes | Institutional Support
📘 GS Paper V – Assam & NE Dimension: Agricultural Development and Trade
🔹 Introduction
In October 2025, the Assam Cabinet approved the setting up of an Agricultural Export Cluster (AEC) at Tinsukia, under the framework of the Agriculture Export Policy (AEP) 2020 and the District as Export Hub (DEH) initiative by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
The cluster aims to promote tea, ginger, citrus fruits, and organic agri-products from Upper Assam as globally competitive export commodities.
This development positions Assam as a key player in India’s “Farm to Foreign” value chain, leveraging its strategic proximity to Southeast Asia through the Act East Policy.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Location | Tinsukia District (Upper Assam) – connected by NH-37 and Dibrugarh Port (NW-2, Brahmaputra) |
| Nodal Agency | Assam Industrial Development Corporation (AIDC) & Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) |
| Project Cost | ₹310 crore (2025–2030 period) |
| Focus Commodities | Tea, ginger, lemon (Assam lemon), turmeric, black rice, citrus, arecanut |
| Export Target | ₹2,000 crore worth agri-exports annually by 2030 |
| Supporting Infrastructure | Cold chain logistics, agri-testing labs, common packaging & branding centre, multimodal transport hub |
| Collaborating Partners | APEDA, NABARD, Assam Tea Board, FSSAI, and North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation (NERAMAC) |
🧭 Significance for Assam and the Northeast
Diversification of Agri-Economy:
Reduces dependence on domestic tea sales and boosts export competitiveness.
Employment Generation:
Expected to create 20,000+ jobs in logistics, packaging, and quality testing sectors.
Regional Integration:
Utilizes Assam’s proximity to Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar through multimodal corridors.
Value Addition:
Encourages food processing, branding, and GI-tag-based promotion (Assam Lemon, Mishing rice, Karbi ginger).
Sustainability:
Promotes organic farming and residue-free certification aligned with international standards.
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Agriculture Export Policy (AEP), 2020:
Objective: Double India’s agri-exports to USD 60 billion by 2025.
Implemented by the Department of Commerce through APEDA.
Key features: product-specific clusters, infrastructure, branding, and farmer connect.
District as Export Hub (DEH):
Each district identifies export-worthy products for targeted promotion.
Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Kamrup, and Nagaon shortlisted under DEH–Assam.
APEDA’s Role:
Provides market linkage, export certification, and financial assistance for cold chain and lab setup.
North East Agri Export Corridor (NEAEC):
Announced in 2023 to link Guwahati–Silchar–Agartala with ports in Kolkata and Haldia.
Brahmaputra (NW-2):
National Waterway-2: Dhubri to Sadiya — critical for inland cargo movement of tea and agri-exports.
🧾 Mains Pointers
A. Economic and Strategic Importance
| Dimension | Explanation |
| Boosts Regional Economy | Enhances export earnings and farmer income through global market access. |
| Supports Act East Policy | Strengthens connectivity-based trade with ASEAN via multimodal transport. |
| Logistics Modernization | Integrates rail-road-river connectivity through Brahmaputra ports (Dibrugarh, Jogighopa). |
| Women & SHG Empowerment | Encourages women-led tea and spice cooperatives in Upper Assam. |
| Agri-Innovation | Promotes climate-smart farming, organic certification, and digital traceability. |
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Description |
| Infrastructure Gaps | Lack of integrated cold storage and cargo handling facilities. |
| Quality Compliance | Farmers struggle with meeting EU residue and packaging norms. |
| Market Volatility | Tea and spice export prices fluctuate due to global demand shifts. |
| Logistics Costs | Higher per-unit transportation cost compared to coastal states. |
| Institutional Coordination | Fragmented approach among APEDA, AIDC, and State Agriculture Dept. |
C. Policy Measures and Government Initiatives
Agri Export Policy Implementation Framework (2023): Assam among 11 focus states for agri-export promotion.
Organic Assam Vision 2030: Emphasizes GI-linked organic cultivation for tea, turmeric, and citrus.
APEDA’s NE Agri Export Cell: Established in Guwahati for product certification and market facilitation.
PM Gati Shakti Master Plan: Integration of multimodal logistics infrastructure for export corridors.
Credit Support: NABARD and SIDBI offering cluster-based loans for processing and cold chain units.
“One District – One Product (ODOP)” linkage:
Tinsukia – Tea
Nagaon – Rice
Hojai – Spices
Dibrugarh – Citrus
D. Way Forward
Integrated Export Infrastructure:
Establish multimodal logistics parks with pre-cooling and processing facilities at Tinsukia–Dibrugarh.
Capacity Building:
Conduct farmer training on quality, packaging, and compliance with global food safety standards.
Digital Traceability Systems:
Implement blockchain-based tracking for tea and spices to enhance transparency.
Trade Diversification:
Explore new markets in ASEAN and Middle East under the Indo-Pacific Trade Vision.
Sustainability Framework:
Encourage low-carbon logistics and water-efficient agriculture practices.
🧩 Conclusion
The Tinsukia Agricultural Export Cluster marks a transformative step in linking Assam’s farm economy with global value chains.
By integrating infrastructure, innovation, and institutional support, it not only enhances export competitiveness but also paves the way for a self-reliant, climate-smart agricultural economy in the Northeast.
✅ Value Additions for APSC Enrichment
Tea Export Data (FY 2024–25): 230 million kg (worth ₹6,300 crore) – India ranks 2nd globally.
Major Markets: Iran, UAE, UK, Russia, Germany.
GI-Tagged Agri Products of Assam: Assam Orthodox Tea, Karbi Anglong Ginger, Joha Rice, Kaji Nemu (lemon).
Global Comparison: Vietnam’s Mekong Delta export cluster model (rice & fruits).
SDG Linkages:
SDG 2 – Zero Hunger
SDG 8 – Decent Work & Economic Growth
SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption & Production
SDG 17 – Partnerships for the Goalshe “River Tourism Capital of Northeast India.
APSC Prelims Practice Question
🌏 Topic 1 – India–Myanmar Border Trade and Connectivity Amid Political Unrest
Q1. With reference to India–Myanmar connectivity projects, consider the following pairs:
| Project | Description |
| 1. Kaladan Multimodal Project | Connects Sittwe Port (Myanmar) to Lawngtlai (Mizoram) via inland water and road links |
| 2. IMT Trilateral Highway | Connects Imphal (India) to Bangkok (Thailand) via Mandalay (Myanmar) |
| 3. BIMSTEC Corridor | Connects India directly with Laos and Cambodia via maritime routes |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
- Kaladan and IMT projects are operational under India–Myanmar cooperation.
- BIMSTEC is Bay of Bengal Initiative—not a specific corridor to Laos or Cambodia.
Q2. The Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project passes through which of the following Indian states?
- Mizoram
- Nagaland
- Arunachal Pradesh
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
The project connects Sittwe (Myanmar) → Paletwa (Myanmar) → Lawngtlai (Mizoram); only Mizoram lies on the Indian leg.
Q3. The India–Myanmar border trade disruption impacts Assam’s economy primarily because:
(a) Assam’s ports are directly connected to Myanmar’s Sittwe Port.
(b) Assam serves as the logistic hub for IMT Highway and Kaladan projects.
(c) Assam produces 40% of India’s exports to Myanmar.
(d) Assam shares a 1,000-km direct border with Myanmar.
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Assam’s logistical connectivity via Silchar–Moreh and Barak–Kaladan corridors links its economy indirectly with Myanmar trade.
🏞️ Topic 2 – Deepor Beel Wetland Restoration & Guwahati Water Security Plan
Q4. Which of the following statements about Deepor Beel are correct?
- It is a Ramsar site and part of Deepor Beel Wildlife Sanctuary.
- It lies within the floodplain of the Brahmaputra River.
- It is India’s largest inland saltwater wetland.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Deepor Beel is a freshwater wetland located in the Brahmaputra valley. Declared a Ramsar site in 2002.
Q5. The National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA):
(a) Focuses only on river pollution and flood control.
(b) Replaced both NLCP and NWCP in 2013 under MoEFCC.
(c) Is implemented by NITI Aayog.
(d) Operates only in Himalayan states.
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
NPCA merged National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) and National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) in 2013.
Q6. Which of the following are the major threats to Deepor Beel’s ecological health?
- Leachate from Boragaon landfill
- Railway embankment blocking natural drainage
- Illegal sand mining from nearby rivers
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (d)
Explanation:
All three have been identified by the Assam Forest Dept. and High Court as causes of hydrological and ecological degradation.
🌧️ Topic 3 – Guwahati Smart City: Urban Drainage & Climate Adaptation Projects
Q7. The “CITIIS 2.0” programme, recently implemented in Guwahati, is jointly supported by:
(a) World Bank, ADB, and Ministry of Finance
(b) World Bank, AFD (France), and National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA)
(c) IMF and NITI Aayog
(d) UNEP and MoHUA
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
CITIIS 2.0 (2023–2030) is funded by World Bank and Agence Française de Développement (AFD), coordinated by NIUA under MoHUA.
Q8. Which of the following technologies are used in Guwahati’s 2025 climate adaptation plan?
- AI-based flood forecasting
- Digital twin modeling for city planning
- Cloud-seeding rainfall augmentation
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
AI and digital twins are part of Guwahati Smart City’s drainage plan; cloud seeding is not included.
Q9. Which of the following drains or basins are part of Guwahati’s natural stormwater network?
- Bharalu
- Basistha
- Bahini
- Kolong
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Bharalu, Basistha, and Bahini are within Guwahati city; Kolong flows through Nagaon district.
🏥 Topic 4 – Assam’s Rural Health Mission: Telemedicine & e-Sanjeevani
Q10. Consider the following statements regarding the e-Sanjeevani initiative:
- It was developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC).
- It enables both doctor-to-patient and doctor-to-doctor consultations.
- It operates only in urban tertiary hospitals.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Developed by C-DAC Mohali, e-Sanjeevani includes both variants: OPD and AB-HWC, accessible even at rural HWCs.
Q11. Under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), the “ABHA” ID refers to:
(a) A national health insurance number under PM-JAY.
(b) A unique digital health identity number linked to medical records.
(c) A code for health workers under NHM.
(d) A registration number for medical practitioners.
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) is a digital health ID enabling electronic health record sharing under ABDM.
Q12. Which of the following is not a potential advantage of telemedicine expansion in Assam?
(a) Improved accessibility for remote areas
(b) Real-time disease surveillance
(c) Reduction in urban doctor density
(d) Continuity of care and digital prescription
✅ Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Telemedicine reduces rural access gaps but does not necessarily reduce doctor density in urban centres.
🌾 Topic 5 – Agricultural Export Cluster for Tea and Agri-Products at Tinsukia
Q13. The Agricultural Export Policy (AEP), 2020, aims to:
- Double India’s agricultural exports to USD 60 billion by 2025.
- Develop state- and district-level export clusters.
- Impose export restrictions to control domestic inflation.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
AEP promotes export facilitation and infrastructure; it does not advocate export bans.
Q14. Which of the following organizations plays the lead role in implementing agricultural export clusters in India?
(a) NABARD
(b) APEDA
(c) FSSAI
(d) DGFT
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) is the nodal body for AEP and export clusters.
Q15. Consider the following Geographical Indication (GI) products of Assam:
- Karbi Anglong Ginger
- Joha Rice
- Kaji Nemu (Assam Lemon)
- Muga Silk
Which of the above are primarily targeted under the Tinsukia Agri Export Cluster?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Tea, ginger, lemon, and rice are core export commodities in the Tinsukia cluster; Muga silk belongs to the textile sector.g Assam’s first integrated river cruise network.
APSC Mains Practice Question
🧾 Question:
“Deepor Beel Restoration and Urban Water Security in Guwahati: Examine the ecological and governance challenges involved, and suggest a sustainable framework for wetland management in Assam.”
📘 GS Paper 3: Environment, Conservation, Disaster Management & Urban Governance
🔹 Introduction
Deepor Beel, a Ramsar-listed freshwater wetland in the southwest of Guwahati, is one of the last natural water retention basins in the Brahmaputra Valley. It plays a crucial role in flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, and biodiversity conservation. However, unchecked urbanization, waste dumping, and encroachments have severely degraded its ecosystem — threatening both the ecological balance and the city’s water security.
🔹 Key Ecological & Governance Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation / Impact |
| 🏗️ Encroachment & Land Conversion | Rapid expansion of settlements, rail lines, and commercial complexes has shrunk wetland area from ~40 sq. km (1980s) to <10 sq. km now. |
| 🚮 Solid Waste Pollution | Boragaon landfill leachate flows into the Beel, causing eutrophication and fish mortality. |
| 🚧 Hydrological Fragmentation | Railway embankments and road projects disrupted natural inflows from Basistha–Bahini–Bharalu channels. |
| 🦩 Loss of Biodiversity | Habitat loss threatens migratory bird species — over 200 recorded earlier, now declining annually. |
| ⚖️ Weak Enforcement & Overlapping Jurisdiction | Assam Forest Dept., GMDA, GMC, and MoEFCC share overlapping authority; coordination gaps hinder restoration. |
🔹 Significance of Deepor Beel for Guwahati’s Water & Climate Resilience
- Urban Flood Buffer: Acts as a natural sponge, mitigating flash floods in monsoon seasons.
- Groundwater Recharge: Maintains subsurface water levels critical for city borewell supply.
- Climate Regulation: Absorbs carbon and moderates microclimate of Guwahati basin.
- Livelihood Source: Supports fishing and wetland-based agriculture for nearby villages.
🔹 Recent Initiatives
| Initiative | Implementing Agency / Feature |
| 🟢 Deepor Beel Restoration Drive (2025) | Led by Assam Forest Dept. & MoEFCC under NPCA (National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems). |
| 🟢 Guwahati Water Security Plan | Integrates Deepor Beel as an “urban retention pond” for stormwater under Smart City Mission. |
| 🟢 Solid Waste Relocation Order | NGT & Assam HC directed GMC to shift Boragaon dumpyard to Chandrapur by 2026. |
| 🟢 Community Eco-restoration Drive | Wetland Management Committees formed in Azara–Jalukbari area for joint monitoring. |
🔹 Way Forward: A Sustainable Framework for Wetland Management
- 🗺️ Integrated Wetland Zonation:
- Demarcate Core Conservation, Buffer, and Regulated Use Zones under Wetlands (Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017.
- Employ satellite-based GIS mapping for real-time encroachment tracking.
- ♻️ Waste Management Reforms:
- Complete relocation of Boragaon dumpyard; set up decentralized bio-CNG and waste-to-compost plants.
- 🌿 Ecohydrological Restoration:
- Reconnect feeder channels (Basistha–Bharalu–Kalmani).
- Use phytoremediation and constructed wetlands for water quality improvement.
- 👥 Community and Institutional Coordination:
- Empower Local Wetland Committees (LWCs) under Assam State Wetland Authority.
- Integrate with Jal Shakti Abhiyan & Atal Bhujal Yojana for water security.
- 💡 Urban Planning Integration:
- Make Deepor Beel part of Guwahati Master Plan (2035) as an “Urban Ecological Zone”.
- Promote eco-tourism with strict environmental safeguards.
🔹 Relevant Examples & Data
- UNESCO’s Urban Wetland Framework (2023): Recommends hybrid green–grey drainage infrastructure — replicable for Guwahati.
- NPCA Funding (MoEFCC, 2024–25): ₹26 crore allocated for Deepor Beel restoration.
- Urban Flood Damage: Guwahati faced ₹350 crore losses in 2022–23 due to drainage failure, highlighting wetland’s role.
🔹 Conclusion
Deepor Beel is more than a wetland — it is Guwahati’s ecological lifeline. Protecting it demands a convergence of environmental science, community participation, and urban governance. By making wetland restoration central to Assam’s climate and water security strategy, the state can pioneer a model of “blue-green urbanism” for the entire Northeast.
🧭 Value Addition for Mains Answer
- Quote: “Wetlands are the kidneys of our landscape.” — Mitsch & Gosselink
- Report Reference: National Wetland Atlas (ISRO, 2023) and Assam State Action Plan on Climate Change (Revised 2022).
Schemes Mentioned: NPCA, Smart Cities Mission, Jal Jeevan Mission, Atal Bhujal Yojana.
Ensuring science-led zoning, equitable compensation, and eco-friendly livelihoods can transform Kaziranga into a global model of sustainable coexistence between nature and people.
If ecological safeguards and community participation remain central, the project can redefine sustainable tourism in India’s Northeast.
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