APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (18/10/2024)

For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (18-10-2024). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.

1. Supreme Court’s Verdict on Section 6A of the Citizenship Act

Relevant to: Indian Polity (GS Paper-II), Issues related to Internal Security (GS Paper-III)

• Introduction:
  The Supreme Court of India upheld the constitutional validity of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, which was inserted following the Assam Accord of 1985. The provision addresses the citizenship status of immigrants from Bangladesh who arrived in Assam before March 25, 1971, providing a legal framework for their identification and citizenship.
• Key Points:
  • Section 6A was a result of the Assam Accord, signed to address the issue of illegal immigration from Bangladesh into Assam.
  • The Supreme Court’s majority judgment validates the March 25, 1971, cut-off date for identifying illegal immigrants.
  • The ruling was met with mixed reactions: welcomed by groups like the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), and criticized by others who sought an earlier cut-off date like 1951.
  • The court emphasized the need for strict monitoring to manage illegal immigration effectively, calling for robust policy measures.
• Prelims Pointers:
  • What is Section 6A?
    Section 6A of the Citizenship Act grants citizenship to immigrants from Bangladesh who arrived in Assam before March 25, 1971, following the Assam Accord.
  • Significance of March 25, 1971:
    The date marks the beginning of the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to a large influx of refugees into Assam.
  • Assam Accord:
    Signed in 1985 between the Government of India and Assam’s leaders, aiming to address the issue of illegal immigration.
• Mains Pointers:
  • Importance:
    1. Protecting Assam’s Demographic Balance: Section 6A seeks to safeguard the cultural and demographic integrity of Assam by regulating citizenship.
    2. Legal Framework for Identifying Immigrants: It provides a legal structure to distinguish between citizens and illegal immigrants.
    3. Addressing Historical Grievances: The verdict is seen as recognition of the Assam Movement’s demands, validating the concerns of indigenous Assamese.
    4. National Security: Managing illegal immigration is crucial for internal security and preventing demographic changes that could fuel unrest.
    5. Framework for Other States: This verdict could influence policies in other states facing similar issues with illegal immigration.
  • Challenges:
    1. Lack of Implementation: Despite legal provisions, the practical challenges of identifying and deporting illegal immigrants remain.
    2. Political Sensitivities: The issue of illegal immigration is politically sensitive, influencing local electoral dynamics and communal harmony.
    3. Porous Borders: Assam’s border with Bangladesh remains difficult to manage, contributing to continuous illegal crossings.
    4. Controversy over CAA: The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), which provides citizenship to non-Muslim immigrants from neighboring countries, creates a contradiction with the provisions of Section 6A.
    5. Impact on Indigenous Rights: Concerns remain about the impact of recognized immigrants on land rights and cultural preservation in Assam.
  • Way Ahead:
    1. Strengthening Border Management: Enhanced border infrastructure and patrolling can prevent further illegal immigration.
    2. Implementing Assam Accord Clauses: Focus on implementing all clauses of the Assam Accord, including economic development and protection of Assamese cultural identity.
    3. Engagement with Bangladesh: Diplomatic engagement with Bangladesh to ensure cooperation in managing cross-border migration.
    4. Digital Database of Citizens: Establish a digital and transparent database of citizens to streamline identification processes.
    5. Community Awareness: Raising awareness among local communities about their rights and the legal processes for addressing grievances.
• Conclusion:
  The Supreme Court’s decision upholding Section 6A affirms the Assam Accord’s role in managing the complex issue of citizenship and migration in Assam. Balancing the implementation with sensitivity towards local concerns and national security is essential for sustaining peace and harmony in the region.

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2. Direct Tax Collection Surge in India

Relevant to: Indian Economy (GS Paper-III)

• Introduction:
  The Government of India reported a significant increase in direct tax collections over the past decade, with a 182% rise, reaching over Rs. 19.60 lakh crore in 2023-24. This growth includes a notable rise in both corporate and personal income taxes, reflecting a broader base of taxpayers and enhanced compliance.
• Key Points:
  • Direct tax collections increased from Rs. 6.96 lakh crore in 2014-15 to Rs. 19.60 lakh crore in 2023-24.
  • Corporate tax collections doubled to Rs. 9.11 lakh crore, while personal income tax rose fourfold to Rs. 10.45 lakh crore.
  • The direct tax-to-GDP ratio improved from 5.55% in 2014-15 to 6.64% in 2023-24, highlighting better revenue mobilization efficiency.
  • Tax buoyancy increased to 2.12, indicating higher revenue growth relative to GDP growth.
• Prelims Pointers:
  • What is Direct Tax?
    Direct tax refers to taxes directly levied on individuals or organizations, such as income tax and corporate tax, paid directly to the government.
  • Tax-to-GDP Ratio:
    This ratio measures the proportion of a country’s tax revenue relative to its GDP, indicating the efficiency of revenue generation.
  • Tax Buoyancy:
    It measures the responsiveness of tax revenue growth to changes in GDP. A buoyancy greater than 1 indicates that tax revenues are growing faster than GDP.
• Mains Pointers:
  • Importance:
    1. Enhanced Revenue for Development: Increased tax collections provide more resources for government spending on infrastructure and social welfare programs.
    2. Economic Formalization: Growth in tax collections is indicative of greater formalization of the economy and improved tax compliance.
    3. Positive Impact on Fiscal Deficit: Higher tax revenue helps in reducing the fiscal deficit, enabling more fiscal space for policy interventions.
    4. Boosting Investor Confidence: Consistent growth in direct taxes reflects economic stability, attracting more foreign investment.
    5. Broadening of Taxpayer Base: The increase in tax filings from 4.04 crore in 2014-15 to over 8.61 crore in 2023-24 shows an expanding taxpayer base.
  • Challenges:
    1. Regional Disparities in Tax Compliance: Certain regions contribute more to direct taxes, reflecting uneven economic development across states.
    2. Taxpayer Resistance: Higher taxation rates can lead to resistance from businesses and individuals, necessitating a balance between rates and compliance.
    3. Administrative Challenges: The tax department needs to continuously improve its infrastructure to handle the increased volume of returns and compliance cases.
    4. Dependence on a Small Number of High-Taxpayers: A large portion of direct tax revenue still comes from high-income individuals and corporate entities, making the system vulnerable to economic downturns.
    5. Ensuring Compliance in the Informal Sector: Bringing more entities from the informal sector into the tax net remains a challenge.
  • Way Ahead:
    1. Simplifying Tax Procedures: Streamlining tax filing processes and reducing compliance burdens can encourage more individuals and businesses to pay taxes.
    2. Leveraging Technology: Using AI and data analytics for better detection of tax evasion and non-compliance can increase the efficiency of the tax system.
    3. Awareness Campaigns: Conducting public awareness programs about the importance of tax compliance can enhance voluntary filing.
    4. Regional Incentives for Tax Filing: Introducing incentives for taxpayers in underrepresented regions could help in balancing regional disparities.
    5. Focus on Expanding the Tax Net: Policies aimed at gradually integrating the informal sector into the formal economy can broaden the tax base further.
• Conclusion:
  The significant rise in direct tax collections highlights India’s progress toward economic formalization and enhanced tax compliance. Sustaining this growth while addressing challenges can further strengthen India’s fiscal health and contribute to its development trajectory.

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3. Air Quality Index in Assam

Relevant to: Environment (GS Paper-III), Public Health (GS Paper-II)

• Introduction:
  The Pollution Control Board, Assam, released the Air Quality Index (AQI) data for various towns in Assam, indicating satisfactory air quality levels across the state. With the onset of winter, monitoring air quality becomes critical due to increased pollution levels from sources like vehicular emissions and agricultural burning.
• Key Points:
  • Guwahati recorded an AQI of 80, indicating satisfactory air quality, while towns like Nagaon and Sivasagar showed AQI levels in the ‘Good’ range.
  • The AQI measures the concentration of key pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2.
  • The Pollution Control Board emphasizes the need for vigilance as winter approaches, which can trap pollutants closer to the ground due to temperature inversions.
• Prelims Pointers:
  • What is AQI?
    The AQI is a numerical scale that measures the quality of air based on the concentration of pollutants. It ranges from ‘Good’ (0-50) to ‘Severe’ (401-500).
  • Key Pollutants in AQI Measurement:
    PM2.5 (fine particulate matter), PM10 (particulate matter), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), and CO (carbon monoxide).
  • Effects of Poor Air Quality:
    High levels of air pollution can cause respiratory issues, cardiovascular diseases, and aggravate existing health conditions, especially in vulnerable groups.
• Mains Pointers:
  • Importance:
    1. Public Health: Monitoring AQI is essential for protecting public health, particularly among children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
    2. Environmental Awareness: Regular AQI monitoring encourages environmental consciousness among citizens, prompting actions to reduce pollution.
    3. Policy Formulation: Data from AQI reports help in framing policies and implementing measures like vehicular restrictions and pollution control.
    4. Tourism Impact: Good air quality can enhance the attractiveness of Assam as a tourism destination, especially for nature enthusiasts.
    5. Early Warning Mechanisms: Continuous monitoring can help in providing early warnings to vulnerable populations during periods of high pollution.
  • Challenges:
    1. Seasonal Variation: Air quality tends to worsen during winters due to temperature inversions, making it difficult to maintain consistently good AQI levels.
    2. Vehicular Emissions: High traffic congestion in cities like Guwahati contributes to deteriorating air quality.
    3. Industrial Emissions: Factories and industries near urban areas can add to air pollution if emission norms are not strictly enforced.
    4. Crop Residue Burning: Although more common in states like Punjab, any local practice of burning crop residues could contribute to particulate pollution.
    5. Limited Monitoring Stations: The number of AQI monitoring stations is still limited in many parts of Assam, reducing the granularity of data available.
  • Way Ahead:
    1. Expanding AQI Monitoring: Establishing more monitoring stations across towns can provide better data for targeted interventions.
    2. Promoting Electric Vehicles: Encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles can reduce emissions from the transportation sector.
    3. Awareness Campaigns: Public awareness programs about reducing vehicle usage and adopting cleaner fuels can improve air quality.
    4. Stricter Industrial Norms: Ensuring that industries adhere to emission norms can significantly reduce pollutants in urban areas.
    5. Seasonal Action Plans: Implementing seasonal measures like restricting construction activity and regulating traffic flow during high-pollution periods can mitigate winter pollution.
• Conclusion:
  While the current AQI levels in Assam remain within satisfactory ranges, continued vigilance and proactive measures are essential to maintain air quality, especially during the winter months. Collaborative efforts between citizens, government, and industries are key to ensuring a healthy environment for all.

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4. Tamannaah Bhatia Summoned by ED in Betting App Case

Relevant to: Internal Security (GS Paper-III), Law Enforcement & Investigations (GS Paper-II)

Conclusion:
The summoning of Tamannaah Bhatia in the betting app case underscores the increasing focus of Indian law enforcement on addressing the challenges posed by digital platforms. A balanced approach, combining technological upgrades, legal reforms, and international cooperation, is essential for ensuring the integrity of India’s financial system.

Introduction:
Actress Tamannaah Bhatia was summoned by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in Guwahati in connection with an ongoing investigation into a betting app case. The ED’s actions highlight the growing reach of online betting platforms and the associated challenges of cybercrime and money laundering.

Key Points:

The ED is probing financial transactions and possible money laundering activities linked to an illegal betting app.

Tamannaah Bhatia’s involvement is being examined to determine any connection with the financial flows through the app.

The case is part of a larger crackdown on illegal online betting apps, which have seen a surge in popularity, leading to concerns over money laundering and tax evasion.

Prelims Pointers:

What is the Enforcement Directorate (ED)?
The ED is a specialized financial investigation agency under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, tasked with enforcing the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).

Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA):
PMLA provides for confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering and imposes obligations on banking and financial institutions to maintain records and report suspicious transactions.

Challenges of Online Betting Platforms:
These platforms often operate outside legal frameworks, facilitating tax evasion and potential links to organized crime.

Mains Pointers:

Importance:

Strengthening Financial Security: The ED’s actions aim to curb illegal financial activities that pose risks to India’s financial system.

Protection Against Cybercrime: Investigations into online betting apps reflect the need for robust cybersecurity measures to tackle the rising trend of digital fraud.

Impact on Law Enforcement: High-profile cases draw public attention to the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies like the ED in tackling complex financial crimes.

Tax Revenue Implications: Curtailing illegal betting platforms can help safeguard tax revenues that might be lost through such underground financial activities.

Awareness Against Illegal Activities: Such investigations serve as a deterrent to individuals who might engage in illegal online gambling, promoting awareness about the legal consequences.

Challenges:

Jurisdictional Issues: Many online betting apps operate from foreign jurisdictions, making enforcement of Indian laws challenging.

Technological Complexity: Tracking digital money flows through encrypted platforms and cryptocurrencies requires advanced technological capabilities.

Legal Ambiguity: The legal status of online betting varies across states in India, leading to inconsistencies in regulation and enforcement.

Data Privacy Concerns: Investigations involving digital platforms often raise concerns about the balance between privacy rights and national security.

Public Perception: High-profile summoning, like that of celebrities, can sometimes be viewed as a media spectacle, diverting focus from the larger issues of systemic reforms.

Way Ahead:

Enhancing Digital Surveillance: Strengthening digital surveillance systems can improve detection and action against online money laundering.

International Cooperation: Collaborating with foreign governments and international organizations can help tackle cross-border elements of online financial crimes.

Legal Reforms: Clearer legislation regarding online betting and cryptocurrency transactions can provide a stronger foundation for enforcement.

Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the risks and legal consequences of engaging in illegal online betting can reduce demand for such platforms.

Developing Expertise within Law Enforcement: Investing in training and technology for agencies like the ED can enhance their capacity to address emerging digital financial crimes.

APSC Prelims Practice Questions

With reference to the Assam Accord, 1985, consider the following statements:

It was signed to address the issue of illegal immigration from Bangladesh into Assam.

The cut-off date for granting citizenship under the Accord is January 1, 1966.

Section 6A of the Citizenship Act was introduced as a result of the Assam Accord.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 is correct: The Assam Accord aimed to address the influx of illegal immigrants from Bangladesh, which had been a major issue in Assam.
2. Statement 2 is incorrect: The cut-off date for granting citizenship under the Assam Accord and Section 6A is March 25, 1971.
3. Statement 3 is correct: Section 6A was inserted into the Citizenship Act as a result of the Assam Accord to provide legal provisions for granting citizenship to certain immigrants.

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2. Which of the following correctly defines ‘tax buoyancy’?

(a) The proportion of tax revenue collected to the total population of a country.
(b) The responsiveness of tax revenue growth to changes in GDP.
(c) The ratio of direct to indirect tax collection over a fiscal year.
(d) The ability of the tax system to reduce evasion and ensure compliance.

Answer: (b) The responsiveness of tax revenue growth to changes in GDP.

Explanation:

2. Option (b) is correct: Tax buoyancy measures how well tax revenue growth responds to changes in the GDP. A buoyancy greater than 1 indicates that tax revenues are growing faster than GDP, which is seen as a positive indicator of economic growth and effective tax administration.
3. Option (a) refers to per capita tax collection, not buoyancy.
4. Option (c) refers to the ratio between different types of tax, which is not a measure of buoyancy.
5. Option (d) pertains to compliance measures rather than tax buoyancy.

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3. With reference to the Air Quality Index (AQI), consider the following pollutants:
   1. PM2.5
   2. Ozone (O3)
   3. Lead (Pb)
   4. Carbon monoxide (CO)

Which of the above pollutants are measured in calculating AQI?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2, and 4 only
(c) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(d) 2, 3, and 4 only

Answer: (c) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Explanation:

3. Option (c) is correct: The Air Quality Index (AQI) measures various pollutants, including PM2.5 (fine particulate matter), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), and carbon monoxide (CO), among others. These pollutants impact air quality and public health and are used to calculate the AQI.

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4. Which of the following is a primary function of the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in India?

(a) Investigating financial crimes under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
(b) Regulating stock markets and ensuring investor protection.
(c) Conducting surveillance of cross-border smuggling operations.
(d) Managing and monitoring the issuance of digital currencies in India.

Answer: (a) Investigating financial crimes under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).

Explanation:

Option (d) is not within the mandate of the ED.t required to allocate a fixed percentage of their GDP to biodiversity conservation. It is based on voluntary commitments and national priorities.

Option (a) is correct: The ED is a financial investigation agency under the Ministry of Finance, tasked with enforcing the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). It investigates cases of money laundering and other financial crimes.

Option (b) pertains to the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Option (c) falls under the purview of agencies like the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI).

APSC Mains Practice Question

Q. The Supreme Court’s verdict on Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, has significant implications for the socio-political landscape of Assam. Critically analyze the impact of the verdict on the Assam Accord, internal security, and demographic balance in the state. Also, suggest measures to ensure balanced implementation while addressing concerns related to national security and indigenous rights. (250 words)

Model Answer:

Introduction:
The Supreme Court recently upheld the constitutional validity of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, which stems from the Assam Accord of 1985. The provision grants citizenship to immigrants from Bangladesh who entered Assam before March 25, 1971. The verdict has stirred discussions on its impact on Assam’s demographic composition, internal security, and the broader implications for the region.

Body:
Impact on Assam Accord and Demographic Balance:

1. Reaffirmation of Assam Accord’s Principles:
   • The verdict upholds the 1971 cut-off date, reinforcing the commitment to the terms of the Assam Accord, aimed at preserving Assam’s demographic integrity.
2. Concerns Over Cultural Preservation:
   • Indigenous communities fear that recognizing a large number of immigrants may alter Assam’s cultural identity and language demographics.
3. Implications for Political Dynamics:
   • The judgment has a direct impact on voter demographics in the state, influencing local politics and potentially altering electoral outcomes.

Impact on Internal Security:

1. Potential for Social Unrest:
   • The issue of citizenship and recognition of immigrants remains sensitive, with a risk of agitations from groups advocating for indigenous rights.
2. Challenges of Monitoring Illegal Immigration:
   • Despite legal provisions, porous borders with Bangladesh continue to pose a challenge, leading to potential issues of unauthorized entry.

Measures for Balanced Implementation:

1. Strengthening Border Management:
   • Investing in advanced surveillance technology and increasing patrols along the India-Bangladesh border can prevent further illegal immigration.
2. Engagement with Bangladesh:
   • Diplomatic talks with Bangladesh can enhance cooperation in managing cross-border migration and repatriation processes.
3. Digital Record-Keeping of Citizens:
   • Developing a digital and transparent database of citizens can streamline identification and ensure efficient implementation of the law.
4. Community Awareness and Dialogue:
   • Engaging with local communities through awareness campaigns can help address their concerns and ensure smoother implementation of the verdict.
5. Balancing CAA Provisions with Section 6A:
   • Clarifying the application of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in Assam is crucial to avoid contradictions with Section 6A and maintain harmony.

Conclusion:
The Supreme Court’s verdict on Section 6A holds critical implications for Assam’s socio-political landscape, presenting opportunities to address historical grievances while posing challenges to demographic stability. A balanced approach, focusing on effective implementation and inclusive dialogue, is essential for safeguarding both national security and the rights of Assam’s indigenous communities.

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