APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (18/01/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (18-01-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
1. Rat-Hole Mining Menace in Assam
GS Paper 3: Environment and Governance
Introduction
Rat-hole mining, a hazardous and illegal practice, continues to persist in Assam, especially in Dima Hasao district. Despite repeated warnings and directives, the recent tragedy in Umrangso, claiming nine lives, has highlighted the administration’s inability to curb this menace.
Key Points
- Recent Incident:
- Nine miners were trapped, and only four bodies have been recovered so far.
- Post-tragedy, the government identified 220 illegal rat-hole mines in the area.
- What is Rat-Hole Mining?
- A method where miners dig narrow tunnels to extract coal.
- Commonly practiced in Meghalaya and parts of Assam.
- Environmental and Social Impact:
- Severe ecological damage, including deforestation and soil degradation.
- Water pollution from acid mine drainage.
- Dangerous working conditions leading to frequent casualties.
- Governance Failure:
- Illegal mines operating under the watch of the district administration and Department of Mines and Minerals.
- Nexus between politicians, local authorities, and mining cartels.
Prelims Pointers
- Rat-Hole Mining: Narrow and unsafe tunnels used for coal extraction.
- Dima Hasao District: A hub for illegal coal mining in Assam.
- BP Katakey Commission: Submitted a report on illegal coal mining in Dehing Patkai but remains unimplemented.
Mains Pointers
Importance of Addressing Rat-Hole Mining
- Environmental Protection:
- Prevents biodiversity loss in ecologically sensitive areas like Dehing Patkai.
- Safeguards rivers and groundwater from pollution.
- Humanitarian Concerns:
- Reduces risk to laborers working under hazardous conditions.
- Addresses exploitation of low-wage workers.
- Economic Integrity:
- Stops revenue loss due to illegal mining.
- Encourages sustainable mining practices.
Challenges
- Lack of Enforcement:
- Ineffective monitoring by local authorities.
- Weak implementation of the Mines and Minerals Act.
- Political Influence:
- Involvement of influential politicians in mining cartels.
- Community Dependence:
- Locals rely on mining for their livelihood, making eradication challenging.
- Technical and Legal Issues:
- Difficulty in detecting covert mining operations.
- Delays in legal action against violators.
Government Initiatives
- Judicial Inquiry: Ordered into the recent mishap.
- Special Investigation Team (SIT): To probe illegal mining operations.
- NGT Directions: National Green Tribunal’s interventions to curb mining in sensitive areas.
Way Ahead
- Strict Enforcement:
- Strengthen monitoring mechanisms with modern technology like drones.
- Impose stringent penalties for violations.
- Community Engagement:
- Provide alternative livelihoods to local communities.
- Raise awareness about the environmental and social impact of mining.
- Policy Reforms:
- Implement the recommendations of the BP Katakey Commission.
- Develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable mining.
- Collaboration with Stakeholders:
- Foster cooperation between the government, NGOs, and civil society to combat illegal mining.
Conclusion
Rat-hole mining remains a pressing environmental and social issue in Assam. It demands urgent attention to protect both human lives and the region’s ecological balance. A multi-stakeholder approach, coupled with stringent governance, can pave the way for sustainable development.
2. Sustainable Development of the Brahmaputra Riverbank
GS Paper 3: Environment
Introduction
The Brahmaputra River is an essential lifeline for the northeastern states, providing ecological, economic, and cultural benefits. However, sustainable development of its riverbank remains a critical challenge due to environmental degradation, unplanned urbanization, and lack of community engagement.
Key Points
- Recent Initiative:
- Brahmaputra Roundtable: Organized under the Jeevan Kite River Festival in Guwahati, this event discussed sustainable riverbank management.
- Panelists included academicians, environmental journalists, and NGO representatives.
- Key Themes Discussed:
- Incorporating indigenous knowledge for sustainable practices.
- Addressing climate change’s impact on the Brahmaputra ecosystem.
- Emphasis on eco-conscious practices, such as minimizing overfishing and preserving aquatic biodiversity.
- Significance of the Brahmaputra:
- Supports agriculture, transportation, and fisheries.
- Habitat for endangered species like the river dolphin.
Prelims Pointers
- Jeevan Kite River Festival: A platform for discussions on sustainable riverbank development.
- River Dolphin: Declared India’s National Aquatic Animal.
- Brahmaputra River: One of the largest rivers in the world by discharge and sediment transport.
Mains Pointers
Importance of Sustainable Riverbank Development
- Environmental Role:
- Prevents soil erosion and maintains biodiversity.
- Mitigates flood risks through effective management of embankments.
- Economic Benefits:
- Enhances fisheries and tourism.
- Provides employment through eco-friendly initiatives.
- Cultural Significance:
- Preserves the indigenous communities’ spiritual and cultural relationship with the river.
Challenges
- Urban Encroachments:
- Unregulated constructions damage the floodplain ecosystem.
- Industrial Pollution:
- Discharge of untreated waste affects water quality.
- Governance Gaps:
- Lack of coordination between stakeholders.
Government Initiatives
- National Waterways Act, 2016: Development of waterways to promote sustainable transport.
- Namami Gange Program: Lessons can be adapted for the Brahmaputra.
Way Ahead
- Community-Led Models:
- Engage local stakeholders in riverbank restoration projects.
- Policy Implementation:
- Enforce stricter regulations on industrial waste disposal.
- Technological Interventions:
- Use satellite imagery to monitor riverbank erosion.
Conclusion
Sustainable management of the Brahmaputra Riverbank is essential for preserving the region’s biodiversity, cultural heritage, and economic potential. A multi-stakeholder approach incorporating scientific, community, and policy perspectives is the need of the hour.
3. Indigenous Agricultural Practices in Assam Amidst Climate Change
GS Paper 3: Environment and Agriculture
Introduction
The indigenous agricultural practices of Assam, deeply rooted in traditional knowledge, are facing challenges due to the impacts of climate change. The state’s farmers are exploring innovative ways to adapt while preserving age-old techniques.
Key Points
- Traditional Agricultural Practices:
- Jhum Cultivation: Practiced in hilly regions, involves shifting agriculture to restore soil fertility.
- Bao Dhan (Deepwater Rice): Grown in flood-prone areas, it is resistant to waterlogging.
- Assam Lemon Cultivation: Thrives under semi-tropical conditions with minimal chemical inputs.
- Climate Change Impacts:
- Increased frequency of floods and droughts disrupting crop cycles.
- Loss of biodiversity, including indigenous crop varieties.
- Soil degradation due to erratic rainfall and deforestation.
- Innovations in Response:
- Introduction of climate-resilient crop varieties.
- Community-driven initiatives for water management, such as check dams.
- Training programs for farmers on agroforestry and organic farming.
Prelims Pointers
- Jhum Cultivation: Traditional shifting agriculture in the Northeast.
- Bao Dhan: A deepwater rice variety native to Assam.
- Climate-Resilient Crops: Varieties developed to withstand extreme weather conditions.
Mains Pointers
Significance of Indigenous Agricultural Practices
- Environmental Sustainability:
- Preserves soil fertility and biodiversity.
- Reduces dependency on chemical inputs.
- Economic Resilience:
- Enhances food security for rural communities.
- Promotes agro-tourism and niche markets for traditional crops.
- Cultural Preservation:
- Maintains the socio-cultural identity of farming communities.
Challenges
- Climate Variability:
- Unpredictable rainfall patterns leading to crop failures.
- Market Constraints:
- Lack of access to markets for indigenous crops.
- Policy and Awareness Gaps:
- Limited institutional support for traditional farming methods.
Government Initiatives
- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Promotes climate-resilient farming.
- Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER): Supports organic farming practices.
- Agro-Biodiversity Management Program: Preserves traditional crop varieties.
Way Ahead
- Research and Development:
- Focus on documenting and improving indigenous agricultural techniques.
- Policy Support:
- Provide subsidies and incentives for farmers practicing traditional methods.
- Community Participation:
- Strengthen farmer cooperatives to enhance resource-sharing and market access.
Conclusion
Indigenous agricultural practices in Assam are a blend of traditional knowledge and ecological harmony. By integrating modern science with these age-old techniques, Assam can ensure food security, environmental sustainability, and cultural preservation amidst climate change.
4. Jonbeel Mela: A Celebration of Unity
GS Paper 1: Indian Culture
Introduction
Jonbeel Mela, held annually in Morigaon district, Assam, is a three-day festival celebrating cultural harmony and indigenous traditions. Dating back to the Ahom era, the mela is unique for preserving the barter system and fostering unity among diverse ethnic communities.
Key Points
- Historical Significance:
- Originated during the reign of the Ahom kings.
- Served as a marketplace and forum for tribal and plains people to exchange goods and ideas.
- Unique Features of Jonbeel Mela:
- Barter System: Visitors from Meghalaya trade goods like spices and herbs with rice and fish brought by the people from Assam’s plains.
- Crescent-Shaped Wetland: The Jonbeel wetland, central to the mela, symbolizes continuity and connection.
- Agni Puja Ritual: Conducted before the fair to invoke blessings for peace and prosperity.
- Cultural Importance:
- Brings together indigenous tribes like Tiwas, Karbis, and Jaintias.
- Celebrates communal harmony through food, music, and traditional dance.
Prelims Pointers
- Jonbeel Mela: An annual festival promoting unity through the barter system.
- Indigenous Tribes Involved: Tiwa, Karbi, Jaintia, etc.
- Ahom Kings: Established the mela to maintain harmony between tribal and plains communities.
Mains Pointers
Significance of Jonbeel Mela
- Cultural Unity:
- Fosters mutual respect and cultural exchange between hills and plains communities.
- Acts as a medium for preserving indigenous traditions and knowledge.
- Economic Impact:
- Boosts the local economy by promoting the barter system.
- Facilitates the trade of unique, region-specific goods.
- Ecological Connection:
- Highlights the role of Jonbeel wetland in maintaining biodiversity.
- Encourages sustainable practices rooted in indigenous traditions.
Challenges
- Declining Participation:
- Younger generations shifting away from traditional practices.
- Environmental Concerns:
- Rising pollution in and around the wetland during the mela.
- Commercialization:
- Risk of losing the essence of cultural exchange due to commercialization.
Government Initiatives
- Cultural Preservation Schemes: Focused on supporting indigenous festivals.
- Eco-Tourism Development: Promoting Jonbeel as a heritage site.
- Wetland Protection Projects: Ensuring the conservation of Jonbeel wetland.
Way Ahead
- Awareness Campaigns:
- Highlight the cultural and ecological importance of the mela.
- Sustainable Tourism Practices:
- Encourage eco-friendly measures during the festival.
- Community Engagement:
- Strengthen the participation of local communities in decision-making processes.
Conclusion Jonbeel Mela is a testament to Assam’s rich cultural heritage and its enduring traditions of unity and sustainability. Preserving its essence through collective efforts can ensure that it continues to inspire generations to come.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
1. Rat-Hole Mining Menace in Assam
Question 1:
What is the primary characteristic of rat-hole mining?
- (a) Large-scale mechanized mining
- (b) Open-pit mining for coal extraction
- (c) Digging narrow tunnels for manual coal extraction
- (d) Environmentally sustainable mining practices
Answer: (c) Digging narrow tunnels for manual coal extraction
Explanation: Rat-hole mining involves creating narrow tunnels for extracting coal manually. It is hazardous and environmentally damaging, prevalent in parts of Assam and Meghalaya.
Question 2:
Which district in Assam is most associated with illegal rat-hole mining?
- (a) Dibrugarh
- (b) Dima Hasao
- (c) Lakhimpur
- (d) Kamrup
Answer: (b) Dima Hasao
Explanation: Dima Hasao is a known hotspot for illegal rat-hole mining in Assam, as highlighted in recent reports and incidents.
Question 3:
What is a significant environmental impact of rat-hole mining?
- (a) Conservation of groundwater
- (b) Increased agricultural productivity
- (c) Soil degradation and water pollution
- (d) Expansion of forest cover
Answer: (c) Soil degradation and water pollution
Explanation: Rat-hole mining leads to deforestation, soil degradation, and acid mine drainage, causing significant water pollution.
2. Sustainable Development of the Brahmaputra Riverbank
Question 4:
Which of the following species is declared as India’s National Aquatic Animal?
- (a) Gangetic Dolphin
- (b) River Dolphin
- (c) Saltwater Crocodile
- (d) Mahseer
Answer: (b) River Dolphin
Explanation: The River Dolphin, found in rivers like the Brahmaputra and Ganga, is India’s National Aquatic Animal.
Question 5:
The Jeevan Kite River Festival primarily focuses on:
- (a) Promoting adventure sports in Assam
- (b) Highlighting sustainable practices for riverbank development
- (c) Cultural exchanges between Northeast and Southeast Asia
- (d) Celebrating Assam’s rich biodiversity
Answer: (b) Highlighting sustainable practices for riverbank development
Explanation: The Jeevan Kite River Festival serves as a platform for discussing eco-conscious practices and sustainable riverbank development.
Question 6:
Which of the following rivers is categorized under India’s National Waterways?
- Brahmaputra
- Ganga
- Godavari
Select the correct answer using the code below:
- (a) 1 only
- (b) 1 and 2 only
- (c) 2 and 3 only
- (d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation: The Brahmaputra (NW2), Ganga (NW1), and Godavari (NW4) are categorized as National Waterways.
3. Indigenous Agricultural Practices in Assam Amidst Climate Change
Question 7:
What is Bao Dhan in the context of Assam?
- (a) A traditional festival celebrating agriculture
- (b) A variety of deepwater rice resistant to floods
- (c) A technique of organic farming
- (d) A type of commercial cash crop
Answer: (b) A variety of deepwater rice resistant to floods
Explanation: Bao Dhan is a flood-resistant rice variety grown in waterlogged areas of Assam.
Question 8:
Which farming practice involves shifting cultivation commonly seen in Northeast India?
- (a) Agroforestry
- (b) Jhum cultivation
- (c) Terrace farming
- (d) Hydroponics
Answer: (b) Jhum cultivation
Explanation: Jhum cultivation, a traditional method in Northeast India, involves clearing forested areas for temporary agricultural use.
Question 9:
The Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER) aims to:
- (a) Introduce commercial crop farming in Assam
- (b) Develop organic farming practices and market linkages
- (c) Subsidize fertilizers and pesticides for farmers
- (d) Promote the cultivation of hybrid crops
Answer: (b) Develop organic farming practices and market linkages
Explanation: MOVCDNER supports organic farming in the Northeast, focusing on creating market linkages and sustainable practices.
4. Jonbeel Mela: A Celebration of Unity
Question 10:
What is the primary feature of the Jonbeel Mela?
- (a) Celebration of Assam’s tea culture
- (b) Practice of barter system for trade
- (c) Showcasing agricultural innovations
- (d) Competitive traditional sports
Answer: (b) Practice of barter system for trade
Explanation: Jonbeel Mela is unique for preserving the barter system, where communities exchange goods without monetary transactions.
Question 11:
The Jonbeel Mela is associated with which indigenous tribes?
- Tiwa
- Karbi
- Jaintia
Select the correct answer using the code below:
- (a) 1 only
- (b) 1 and 2 only
- (c) 1, 2, and 3
- (d) 2 and 3 only
Answer: (c) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation: Jonbeel Mela is attended by tribes like Tiwa, Karbi, and Jaintia, promoting inter-community harmony.
Question 12:
The Agni Puja performed during Jonbeel Mela symbolizes:
- (a) The harvest festival of Assam
- (b) Invoking blessings for peace and prosperity
- (c) Worshipping agricultural tools
- (d) Celebrating the monsoon season
Answer: (b) Invoking blessings for peace and prosperity
Explanation: Agni Puja is performed before the mela begins to ensure peace and prosperity among the participating communities.
APSC Mains Practice Question
Q. Examine the socio-economic and cultural significance of Jonbeel Mela in promoting unity among diverse communities in Assam. Highlight the challenges it faces and suggest measures for its sustainable preservation.
(15 marks, 250 words)
Model Answer
Introduction
Jonbeel Mela, an annual event in Morigaon district, Assam, is a unique festival rooted in the barter system. Dating back to the Ahom era, the mela symbolizes cultural harmony and economic exchange among the hill and plain communities of the region.
Body
Socio-Economic Significance:
- Economic Exchange:
- Facilitates trade between hill tribes like the Tiwas, Karbis, and Jaintias, and plainspeople.
- Encourages the barter of goods such as rice, fish, herbs, and spices, bypassing monetary transactions.
- Livelihood Opportunities:
- Boosts the local economy by attracting traders, artisans, and visitors.
- Promotes the sale of traditional crafts and agricultural products.
- Sustainability Practices:
- Reinforces indigenous knowledge and eco-friendly trade practices.
- Highlights the use of local resources, reducing carbon footprints.
Cultural Significance:
- Preserving Indigenous Traditions:
- Celebrates the rich cultural heritage of Assam’s tribal and non-tribal communities.
- Rituals like Agni Puja foster spiritual and communal harmony.
- Cultural Exchange:
- Acts as a melting pot for diverse ethnic groups, promoting inter-community bonding.
Challenges:
- Declining Participation:
- Younger generations show reduced interest in traditional practices.
- Environmental Concerns:
- Waste generation and pollution in the Jonbeel wetland during the mela.
- Commercialization:
- Risk of diluting cultural values due to commercialization and tourism pressure.
Measures for Sustainable Preservation:
- Promoting Awareness:
- Conduct cultural awareness programs to involve younger generations.
- Eco-Friendly Practices:
- Introduce waste management systems to minimize environmental impact.
- Policy Support:
- Designate Jonbeel Mela as a heritage event and provide financial assistance for its organization.
- Community Engagement:
- Empower local stakeholders to manage and preserve the mela’s cultural and ecological integrity.
Conclusion Jonbeel Mela is a living legacy of Assam’s socio-cultural and economic traditions. Addressing challenges through sustainable practices and community-driven initiatives can ensure its preservation for future generations while fostering unity among diverse communities.
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