APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (16/09/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (16-09-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
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🚇 Assam–Japan MoU on Guwahati Metro Rail Project
📘 GS Paper II – International Cooperation (India–Japan Relations)
📘 GS Paper III – Infrastructure, Urban Development, Economy
📘 GS Paper V – Assam Urbanization & Development
🔹 Introduction
On 16 September 2025, the Assam Government signed an MoU with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for financial and technical support in the Guwahati Metro Rail Project. As Guwahati faces rapid urbanisation and traffic congestion, this project is expected to transform it into a modern, sustainable urban transport hub, while deepening India–Japan cooperation in Northeast infrastructure under the Act East Policy.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Project Name | Guwahati Metro Rail Project |
| Partners | Assam Govt + JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) |
| Proposed Network | ~60 km across Guwahati city in 3 phases |
| Corridors | Initial corridor: Jalukbari–Narengi, followed by Khanapara–ISBT and Maligaon–Guwahati University |
| Objective | Reduce congestion, provide safe & affordable mass rapid transit |
| Significance | First metro project in Northeast India |
| Funding | Japan to provide soft loan + technical assistance (as in Delhi Metro, Ahmedabad Metro) |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
JICA: Japan’s overseas development agency; funds Delhi Metro, Bengaluru Metro, Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train.
Metro Rail in India: First – Kolkata Metro (1984); largest network – Delhi Metro.
Northeast Urbanisation: Guwahati is the fastest-growing city in NE India; population ~12 lakh.
Act East Policy: Japan is a key partner in Northeast infra projects (roads, bridges, water supply).
Smart Cities Mission: Guwahati is one of India’s 100 Smart Cities.
National Urban Transport Policy (2006): Promotes public transport, sustainable mobility.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Guwahati Metro Project
Urban Mobility – Alleviates traffic congestion, reduces travel time.
Environment – Cuts vehicular pollution, supports climate goals.
Economic Growth – Boosts commercial hubs & real estate around metro corridors.
Tourism & Connectivity – Links Kamakhya, Assam Secretariat, universities, and transport hubs.
Regional Model – First metro in NE, sets precedent for Shillong, Imphal, and Agartala.
International Cooperation – Strengthens India–Japan ties, showcases Act East synergy.
B. Challenges
High Capital Cost – Metro projects cost ₹250–300 crore/km; long repayment timelines.
Geological Risks – Guwahati lies in Seismic Zone V (high earthquake risk).
Land Acquisition – Urban land scarcity, encroachment on hills & wetlands.
Ridership Viability – Need sufficient passenger base to avoid underutilisation.
Flood Risks – Waterlogging & Brahmaputra floods may affect underground sections.
Coordination – Multiple agencies (State, Centre, JICA) must align on execution.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
Metro Rail Policy, 2017 – Promotes PPP in metro projects, focus on economic viability.
National Transit-Oriented Development Policy – Integrates metro corridors with urban planning.
JICA in NE – Funding water supply (Guwahati), roads (Assam & Meghalaya), bridges.
Assam State Urban Policy – Focus on mass transit & eco-friendly mobility.
D. Way Forward
Phased Implementation – Start with high-demand corridors (Jalukbari–Narengi).
Integrate with Buses & Ferries – Build multimodal hubs with ASTC & Brahmaputra ferries.
Seismic-Resilient Design – Earthquake-resistant elevated structures.
Affordable Fares – Ensure accessibility for lower-income groups.
PPP & Real Estate Financing – Leverage land value capture around stations.
Community Engagement – Public consultation to address displacement concerns.
🧩 Conclusion
The Guwahati Metro Rail Project, supported by Japan, represents a milestone in Assam’s urban transformation. It offers not just mobility, but also economic dynamism, environmental sustainability, and cultural connectivity. If implemented with climate resilience, financial prudence, and people’s participation, it can emerge as a model urban transport system for the entire Northeast.
🏭 Revival Package for Nagaon & Cachar Paper Mills under Hindustan Paper Corporation
📘 GS Paper III – Economy, Industrial Policy, Employment
📘 GS Paper V – Assam-specific Issues: Industry, Labour, Development
🔹 Introduction
On 16 September 2025, the Government of India approved a revival package for the long-defunct Nagaon Paper Mill (Jagiroad) and Cachar Paper Mill (Panchgram), both under the erstwhile Hindustan Paper Corporation (HPC). These mills had been shut since 2015–17 due to financial losses, mismanagement, and lack of raw material security. Their revival is seen as crucial for industrial rejuvenation, employment generation, and Assam’s economic balance.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Mills | Nagaon Paper Mill (Jagiroad, Morigaon district) & Cachar Paper Mill (Panchgram, Hailakandi district). |
| Closure | Nagaon shut in 2017, Cachar in 2015; over 2,000 workers affected. |
| Revival Package | Centre approved a mix of financial restructuring, modernisation, and private partnership. |
| Raw Material Base | Bamboo & wood from Assam, Mizoram, Tripura; supply chain collapsed earlier. |
| Strategic Value | Only large-scale paper mills in NE; revival reduces paper import dependency. |
| Social Impact | Workers’ dues of over ₹600 crore (salaries, pensions) have been a long-standing issue. |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Hindustan Paper Corporation (HPC): PSU under Ministry of Heavy Industries; declared sick under BIFR.
NCLT & Liquidation: In 2019, HPC referred to National Company Law Tribunal; assets auctioned in 2022.
Assam Industrial Policy (2023–30): Focus on bamboo-based industries & agro-processing.
India’s Paper Industry: 17 million tonnes annual capacity; demand projected at 30 MT by 2030.
Raw Material in NE: Bamboo = 66% of India’s total stock found in Northeast.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Revival
Industrial Revival – Restores Assam’s industrial base; signals policy seriousness.
Employment – Provides direct jobs (~2,000 workers) & indirect jobs (bamboo farmers, transporters).
Self-Reliance – Reduces dependence on imported paper & pulp.
Regional Balance – Prevents industrial desertification of central & southern Assam.
Bamboo Economy – Boost to National Bamboo Mission; Assam can be a bamboo paper hub.
Socio-Political Relevance – Addresses long-standing worker protests & public sentiment.
B. Challenges
Raw Material Supply – Previous shutdown due to bamboo scarcity & supply chain breakdown.
Financial Viability – Old technology, high costs make mills uncompetitive.
Environmental Concerns – Chemical-intensive pulping may pollute Barak & Kolong rivers.
Global Competition – Cheaper imports from ASEAN & China may undercut viability.
Management Issues – Past mismanagement must not be repeated under revival plans.
Worker Resentment – Pending dues, trust deficit with govt/management.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
Assam Industrial & Investment Policy 2023 – Emphasis on paper, bamboo, petrochemicals.
National Bamboo Mission (NBM) – Promotes bamboo cultivation for industrial use.
PLI Scheme for Agro-based Industries – Could support paper & pulp manufacturing.
Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat – Encourages domestic manufacturing in core sectors.
Act East Policy – Paper exports possible to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal.
D. Way Forward
Technology Modernisation – Adopt green, less water-intensive pulping tech.
Sustainable Bamboo Cultivation – Farmer cooperatives & bamboo plantations in NE.
PPP Model – Bring in private paper companies with operational expertise.
Worker Rehabilitation – Clear dues promptly; skill upgradation for modern operations.
Export Orientation – Position Assam as paper supplier to South Asia.
Environmental Safeguards – Install effluent treatment plants, use clean energy in mills.
🧩 Conclusion
The revival of Nagaon & Cachar Paper Mills is more than an industrial decision — it is about restoring livelihoods, reviving Assam’s manufacturing identity, and strengthening bamboo-based sustainable industry. While the road ahead requires modern technology, financial discipline, and environmental safeguards, success here could make Assam a model of green industrial revival in the Northeast.
🌊 Floods in Dhemaji & Lakhimpur – Embankment Breaches and Assam’s Flood Crisis
📘 GS Paper I – Geography (Physical Geography, River Systems)
📘 GS Paper III – Disaster Management, Infrastructure, Environment
📘 GS Paper V – Assam-specific Issues (Floods, River Basin Management)
🔹 Introduction
On 16 September 2025, heavy rains and fresh embankment breaches worsened the flood situation in Dhemaji and Lakhimpur districts of Assam. Thousands of people were displaced, crops submerged, and infrastructure damaged. Assam’s flood problem is a recurring natural disaster, but its severity is aggravated by embankment failures, siltation, deforestation, and unplanned development.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Districts Affected | Dhemaji, Lakhimpur (Upper Assam); vulnerable due to proximity to Arunachal foothills. |
| Cause | Excessive rainfall + river siltation + weak embankments. |
| Breached Embankments | Subansiri, Jiadhol, and Gainadi tributaries of Brahmaputra. |
| Impact | Thousands displaced, cropland damaged, schools/roads inundated. |
| Recurring Problem | Annual floods affect ~25–30 lakh people in Assam on average. |
| Erosion Factor | Brahmaputra & tributaries erode ~8,000 hectares annually. |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Brahmaputra River: Origin in Tibet (Yarlung Tsangpo); enters India in Arunachal; major tributaries in Assam – Subansiri, Jia Bharali, Jiadhol, Gainadi.
Flood-Prone Assam: ~40% of Assam’s land (3.2 million ha) is flood-prone vs. India’s 12%.
Embankments in Assam: Built since 1950s as temporary flood-control structures. Many >50 years old.
Northeast Rivers: Highly silt-laden due to young Himalayas + seismic instability.
Bhakra Beel, Maguri Beel: Wetlands in Assam impacted by floods.
NDMA Guidelines (2008): Integrated Flood Management (IFM) instead of only embankment-based control.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of the Issue
Humanitarian Impact – Loss of lives, displacement, health hazards (water-borne diseases).
Agriculture & Economy – Crop loss, soil erosion, livestock mortality.
Infrastructure Damage – Roads, schools, health centres submerged.
Ecological Impact – Wetlands replenished but also destabilised by excessive flooding.
Strategic Vulnerability – Flood-prone areas near international borders (Arunachal–Assam, China-India river flow disputes).
B. Challenges
Weak Embankments – Poor construction quality, corruption, lack of maintenance.
Siltation & Sediment Load – Brahmaputra among world’s highest sediment-carrying rivers.
Deforestation – In Arunachal foothills increases run-off and floods in Assam plains.
Climate Change – Intensified rainfall, glacial melt in Himalayas.
Institutional Gaps – Flood management fragmented across Water Resources, Revenue, and ASDMA.
Livelihood Disruption – Farmers, tea workers, fishing communities face repeated displacement.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) – Coordinates flood response.
National Flood Management Programme (2017) – Infrastructure + preparedness.
North East Water Resources Authority (proposed) – Long-term Brahmaputra basin management.
Raised Platforms & Highlands – Built in Kaziranga & villages as flood shelters.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) – Crop insurance for affected farmers.
World Bank–Assam Integrated River Basin Management Project – Basin-wide flood mitigation (ongoing).
D. Way Forward
Shift from Embankments to Basin Approach – Integrated River Basin Management.
Modern Technology – Satellite-based flood forecasting, real-time early warning.
Eco-restoration – Afforestation in catchment areas, wetland rejuvenation for flood buffering.
Infrastructure Upgradation – Concrete embankments, dredging with ecological safeguards.
Community Preparedness – Local disaster committees, flood-resilient housing.
Regional Cooperation – Engage with China & Bhutan on river flow data-sharing.
🧩 Conclusion
The flood crisis in Dhemaji & Lakhimpur reflects Assam’s structural vulnerability to annual floods, compounded by embankment failures and poor governance. A transition from reactive relief to proactive basin management, resilient infrastructure, and community-centric planning is essential to make Assam flood-resilient.
🤝 India–Bhutan Border Talks in Samdrup Jongkhar – Security & Trade Facilitation
📘 GS Paper II – International Relations (India & Neighbourhood Relations)
📘 GS Paper III – Economy, Infrastructure, Security Issues
📘 GS Paper V – Assam-specific: Borders & Cross-border Trade
🔹 Introduction
On 16 Sept 2025, India and Bhutan held border-level talks at Samdrup Jongkhar (Bhutan) focusing on security coordination and trade facilitation along the Assam–Bhutan border. With a shared border of over 260 km across Assam, the dialogue comes amid concerns of smuggling, insurgent movements, and the need for enhanced cross-border connectivity. It underscores the role of Bhutan as a strategic partner in India’s Act East Policy and Northeast stability.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Venue | Samdrup Jongkhar, Bhutan (bordering Assam’s Baksa & Udalguri districts). |
| Participants | Security agencies & trade officials of both countries. |
| Agenda | 1) Joint security patrols against insurgent groups; 2) Anti-smuggling measures (timber, cattle, narcotics); 3) Expansion of border trade routes. |
| Trade Facilitation | Plan to boost cross-border haats, simplify customs at Dadgiri (Assam) & Samdrup Jongkhar. |
| Strategic Context | Bhutan–India border historically peaceful, but vulnerable to insurgents (ULFA, NDFB) and illegal trade. |
| Regional Linkages | Talks connected to larger BBIN (Bangladesh–Bhutan–India–Nepal) and Act East initiatives. |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
India–Bhutan Treaty of Friendship (2007): Modernised 1949 treaty; allows greater Bhutanese autonomy while maintaining close ties.
Length of India–Bhutan Border: 699 km total, of which ~267 km is with Assam (others: West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim).
Border Haats: Local trade markets along borders; Assam–Bhutan haats at Dadgiri–Samdrup Jongkhar, Hatisar, etc.
Operation All Clear (2003): Bhutan’s military operation flushing out Indian insurgent groups (ULFA, NDFB, KLO).
BBIN Initiative: Sub-regional connectivity project for transport and trade.
Important Rivers: Manas, Sankosh, and Jaldhaka originate in Bhutan and flow into Assam.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of India–Bhutan Border Cooperation
Security – Prevents insurgent groups from using Bhutanese forests as safe havens.
Economic – Border haats enhance livelihood opportunities for Bodo, Rabha, and Bhutanese communities.
Connectivity – Supports Act East trade corridors linking Assam to Bhutan & beyond.
Energy Partnership – Hydropower projects on rivers shared by Assam & Bhutan.
Cultural Ties – Ethnic, linguistic, and Buddhist linkages strengthen people-to-people bonds.
B. Challenges
Smuggling – Timber, cattle, wildlife products trafficked through porous borders.
Insurgency Spillover – ULFA (I), Kamtapur groups seek refuge across borders.
Infrastructure Gaps – Poor road connectivity on both sides hampers trade.
Ecological Sensitivity – Border region includes Manas Biosphere Reserve & Royal Manas National Park.
Trade Barriers – Customs bottlenecks, lack of integrated check-posts.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
Border Haats – To promote legal, small-scale local trade.
India–Bhutan Energy Cooperation (2014) – Hydropower collaboration on rivers like Sankosh.
BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (2015) – For sub-regional transport integration.
North East Council (NEC) Projects – Road connectivity in Assam–Bhutan border districts.
Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) – Proposed at Dadgiri–Samdrup Jongkhar for smooth trade.
Act East Policy – Positions Assam as gateway to Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar.
D. Way Forward
Enhanced Border Security – Joint patrols, intelligence sharing to curb insurgent movements.
Trade Facilitation – Expand border haats, modern customs infrastructure.
Sustainable Development – Joint eco-tourism projects in Manas–Royal Manas region.
People-to-People Exchanges – Cultural events, student exchanges to deepen ties.
Hydropower Synergy – Fast-track Sankosh & Manas projects for mutual benefit.
Digital Border Management – Smart surveillance to monitor illegal trade & movement.
🧩 Conclusion
The India–Bhutan border talks at Samdrup Jongkhar reaffirm the strategic partnership in ensuring border security and fostering trade. For Assam, strengthened cooperation means safer border districts, greater economic opportunities, and deeper cultural linkages. Going forward, balancing security imperatives with livelihood and ecological concerns will be key to making the border a zone of peace and prosperity.th ecological sustainability will be the true test of success.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
1. Guwahati Metro Rail Project (Assam–Japan MoU)
Q1. Which of the following cities in India had the first operational Metro Rail system?
a) Delhi
b) Bengaluru
c) Kolkata
d) Mumbai
👉 Answer: (c) Kolkata
Explanation: Kolkata Metro began in 1984; Delhi Metro started in 2002.
Q2. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), often in news for funding metro and infrastructure projects in India, is:
a) A UN body for infrastructure financing
b) A Japanese government agency for development cooperation
c) A private consortium of Japanese banks
d) A regional agency under ASEAN
👉 Answer: (b)
2. Revival of Nagaon & Cachar Paper Mills (HPC units)
Q3. With reference to Hindustan Paper Corporation (HPC), consider the following statements:
- It was a PSU under the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
- Its Nagaon and Cachar Paper Mills were closed in 2017 and 2015 respectively.
- The primary raw material for these mills was bamboo.
Which of the statements are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
👉 Answer: (d)
Q4. Assam contributes around what percentage of India’s bamboo resources, making it vital for paper and pulp industry?
a) ~10%
b) ~25%
c) ~40%
d) ~60%
👉 Answer: (d)
Explanation: Northeast India accounts for ~66% of India’s bamboo stock; Assam is the largest contributor.
3. Floods in Dhemaji & Lakhimpur (embankment breaches)
Q5. Consider the following rivers:
- Subansiri
- Jiadhol
- Sankosh
- Gainadi
Which of the above are tributaries of the Brahmaputra affecting Dhemaji & Lakhimpur floods?
a) 1, 2 and 4 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
👉 Answer: (a)
Explanation: Subansiri, Jiadhol, and Gainadi affect Dhemaji–Lakhimpur. Sankosh flows into western Assam near Bhutan.
Q6. Which of the following statements about Assam’s flood vulnerability is correct?
a) About 40% of Assam’s land is flood-prone, compared to 12% of India’s land area.
b) Embankments in Assam were built mainly after the 1897 earthquake.
c) The Brahmaputra carries one of the lowest sediment loads in the world.
d) Assam has less flood-prone land compared to Bihar and UP.
👉 Answer: (a)
Explanation: Assam’s flood-prone land = ~40% of its area (India average = 12%). Embankments began post-1950s floods. Brahmaputra has one of the highest sediment loads globally.
4. India–Bhutan Border Talks (security & trade)
Q7. Which Indian states share borders with Bhutan?
- Sikkim
- Assam
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Meghalaya
- West Bengal
a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
b) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
c) 2, 3 and 5 only
d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
👉 Answer: (a)
Explanation: Bhutan shares borders with Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal. Not with Meghalaya.
Q8. Operation All Clear (2003), conducted by Bhutan, was aimed at:
a) Evicting illegal timber smugglers from Bhutan’s forests
b) Removing Indian insurgent camps (ULFA, NDFB, KLO) from its soil
c) Clearing border haats for trade facilitation with India
d) Resettling Bhutanese refugees in Assam
👉 Answer: (b)
Mixed/Analytical
Q9. Which of the following best explains the importance of border haats along the India–Bhutan and India–Bangladesh borders?
a) They are meant for export of bulk goods.
b) They provide duty-free trade in agricultural & local products for border communities.
c) They are exclusive to India–Bhutan border.
d) They are managed by the UNDP.
👉 Answer: (b)
Q10. Why is the India–Bhutan border considered strategically stable compared to India’s other neighbours?
a) Bhutan has no trade relations with China.
b) Bhutan relies heavily on India for hydropower, trade, and security cooperation.
c) Bhutan’s border is militarized under a UN peacekeeping mission.
d) The India–Bhutan Treaty (1949) forbids Bhutan from engaging with third countries.
👉 Answer: (b)
Explanation: Bhutan enjoys close ties with India (hydropower, defence, economy). Treaty of 2007 allows Bhutan independent foreign policy while retaining special ties with India.
APSC Mains Practice Question
📝 Model Answer
Q. “Urban transport projects such as the proposed Guwahati Metro Rail, developed with Japan’s cooperation, can transform Assam’s urban landscape. Critically analyse its significance and challenges in the context of sustainable development and international partnership.”
(GS Paper III – Infrastructure, Economy | GS Paper II – India–Japan Relations | GS Paper V – Assam-specific Issues)
🔹 Introduction
Guwahati, the fastest-growing city in Northeast India, faces severe traffic congestion, pollution, and unplanned urban sprawl. To address this, the Assam Government signed an MoU with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in Sept 2025 to develop the Guwahati Metro Rail Project, making it the first metro project in the Northeast. Beyond mobility, the project symbolises a strategic convergence of sustainable urban development and India–Japan cooperation.
🔹 Significance
1. Urban Transformation
- Provides mass rapid transit, reducing traffic bottlenecks.
- Improves air quality by reducing vehicular emissions.
- Encourages transit-oriented development in Guwahati.
2. Economic Impact
- Boosts real estate, commercial hubs, and job creation.
- Strengthens Assam’s position as the gateway of Act East Policy.
- Enhances connectivity to universities, hospitals, and transport hubs.
3. Strategic Partnership
- Deepens India–Japan cooperation (JICA funding as in Delhi Metro, Bullet Train).
- Supports India’s Northeast connectivity plan under Act East.
- Enhances Japan’s role as a trusted development partner in sensitive border regions.
4. Social Benefits
- Safe, affordable transport for students, women, and working-class commuters.
- Encourages public transport usage, reducing dependence on private vehicles.
🔹 Challenges
- Seismic Risks – Guwahati lies in Seismic Zone V, demanding earthquake-resilient designs.
- Flooding & Drainage – Brahmaputra floods and waterlogging may affect construction/operations.
- High Capital Costs – Metro projects cost ₹250–300 crore/km; long financial repayment needed.
- Ridership Viability – Risk of underutilisation if fares are high or feeder systems are weak.
- Land Acquisition – Displacement risks in urban/peri-urban areas.
- Institutional Coordination – Requires Centre–State–JICA alignment on funding and execution.
🔹 Government Measures & Policies
- Metro Rail Policy (2017) – Promotes PPPs and phased corridor development.
- National Urban Transport Policy (2006) – Sustainable, people-centric urban transport.
- Smart Cities Mission – Guwahati is part of 100 Smart Cities.
- Act East Policy – Metro strengthens Guwahati’s role as a trade & mobility hub of the Northeast.
- Japan’s ODA in NE – Funding for roads, bridges, water supply, now extending to metro rail.
🔹 Way Forward
- Phased Implementation – Begin with busiest corridor (Jalukbari–Narengi).
- Multimodal Integration – Link metro with ASTC buses, ferries, railway stations.
- Affordable Fares – Cross-subsidise to ensure inclusion of low-income commuters.
- Green Construction – Solar-powered stations, energy-efficient systems.
- Community Engagement – Consult locals for resettlement, heritage-sensitive design.
- Regional Model – Use Guwahati metro as a pilot for Shillong, Imphal, and Agartala.
🔹 Conclusion
The Guwahati Metro Rail Project, backed by Japan, has the potential to redefine urban mobility in Assam by integrating sustainability, inclusivity, and international cooperation. While challenges of cost, seismic safety, and ridership viability remain, effective planning and execution can turn it into a flagship model for Northeast India’s urban transformation and India–Japan partnership.mework for Disaster Risk Reduction and Assam’s Vision 2030 for sustainable development.
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