APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (13/09/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (13-09-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
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🚧 North East Connectivity Corridor Projects – New Highway Links to Myanmar & Bangladesh
📘 GS Paper II – International Relations (India’s Neighborhood Policy, Act East Policy)
📘 GS Paper III – Infrastructure, Economy, Regional Development
📘 GS Paper V – Assam-specific Connectivity
🔹 Introduction
On 13 September 2025, the Union Ministry of Road Transport & Highways approved new connectivity corridor projects in the Northeast, including highway links from Assam and Manipur to Myanmar and upgraded road access to Bangladesh through Assam and Meghalaya. These projects, supported by India’s Act East Policy, aim to transform the Northeast into a gateway to Southeast Asia, boosting trade, security, and cultural exchanges.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Projects Announced | 4-laning of Silchar–Imphal–Moreh highway (India–Myanmar border); new Guwahati–Dawki highway link to Bangladesh. |
| Strategic Corridors | Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Project (India–Myanmar); India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway (extension to Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam). |
| Bangladesh Link | Upgradation of Dawki–Sylhet highway and Sutarkandi ICP near Karimganj. |
| Funding & Support | Partly under Bharatmala Phase II + external support from JICA/ADB. |
| Economic Potential | Access to Bangladesh ports (Chittagong, Mongla), ASEAN markets, and boost for Assam’s tea, agro, and oil industries. |
| Security Aspect | Better mobility for border management, disaster relief, and counter-insurgency operations. |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
India–Myanmar–Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway: 1,360 km highway from Moreh (Manipur) to Mae Sot (Thailand).
Kaladan Multi-Modal Project: Connects Sittwe port in Myanmar with Mizoram via river and road.
BBIN Initiative: Bangladesh–Bhutan–India–Nepal Motor Vehicles Agreement for regional transport.
Key Border Points in Assam: Sutarkandi (Karimganj), Mankachar (Dhubri), Dawki (Meghalaya–Assam border access).
Act East Policy: Launched in 2014 to deepen connectivity with ASEAN.
Bharatmala Pariyojana: Flagship programme for highway development in border & coastal areas.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of New Connectivity Corridors
Trade Boost – Enables direct access to Bangladesh and ASEAN markets for Assam’s tea, petroleum, handicrafts.
Strategic Depth – Counters Chinese influence in Myanmar and Bay of Bengal region.
Regional Integration – Strengthens sub-regional groupings like BIMSTEC and BBIN.
Tourism Potential – Improves access to Buddhist circuits in Myanmar and eco-tourism in NE.
Employment Generation – Stimulates logistics hubs, border trade centres, and rural livelihoods.
Disaster Response – Critical for evacuation and supply chains during floods and earthquakes.
B. Challenges
Geographical Constraints – Hilly terrain, landslides, and Brahmaputra’s shifting channels.
Security Risks – Insurgency in Manipur and cross-border crime.
Diplomatic Sensitivities – Need for smooth cooperation with Myanmar (currently unstable politically) and Bangladesh.
Environmental Concerns – Road building in eco-sensitive zones like Khasi–Jaintia hills.
Slow Implementation – Past projects like Kaladan faced delays due to logistics and contractor issues.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
Act East Policy (2014) – Strengthening NE as India’s bridge to ASEAN.
North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS) – Funding key connectivity projects.
PM Gati Shakti Masterplan – Multimodal logistics integration.
India–Bangladesh Protocol on Inland Water Transit & Trade (PIWTT) – River routes for Assam trade.
India–Japan Act East Forum – Japanese aid in NE connectivity and energy.
D. Way Forward
Fast-track Execution – Set up empowered project monitoring authority for NE projects.
Sustainable Infra – Adopt eco-friendly designs, tunnels, and elevated highways.
Cross-Border Synergy – Align with Bangladesh’s Delta Plan 2100 and ASEAN masterplans.
Border Trade Centres – Develop logistics parks at Sutarkandi, Moreh, Dawki with customs digitisation.
Community Participation – Ensure tribal & border communities benefit from employment and skill-building.
Triangular Cooperation – Expand projects via Japan, ADB, and World Bank to share best practices.
🧩 Conclusion
The new highway corridors to Myanmar and Bangladesh mark a critical step in transforming the Northeast from a landlocked periphery into a gateway for India’s Act East vision. For Assam, they bring prospects of economic growth, regional integration, and strategic security. Yet, their success depends on timely execution, regional diplomacy, and balancing development with ecological sustainability.
🚀 Assam’s Start-up & Innovation Policy 2025
📘 GS Paper II – Governance & Policy
📘 GS Paper III – Economy: Start-ups, Employment, MSMEs
📘 GS Paper V – Assam Economy
🔹 Introduction
On 13 September 2025, the Assam Cabinet approved the Start-up & Innovation Policy 2025–2030 to position the state as a hub of entrepreneurship and technology-driven growth in the Northeast. Building on earlier policies (2017, 2019), the new framework emphasises funding support, incubation networks, rural innovation, and women/youth entrepreneurship, in alignment with Startup India and Digital India missions.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Objective | Promote 5,000 new start-ups in Assam by 2030. |
| Focus Areas | Agri-tech, EdTech, FinTech, Climate-tech, IT-enabled services, Handloom & handicrafts. |
| Incentives | Seed funding up to ₹25 lakh; reimbursement of patent/ISO certification costs. |
| Women Entrepreneurs | Special grants + reserved incubation seats for women-led start-ups. |
| Innovation Hubs | New “Innovation & Co-working Centres” in Guwahati, Jorhat, Silchar, Dibrugarh. |
| Skill Development | Entrepreneurship modules in universities and ITIs. |
| Funding Model | State Innovation Fund + CSR + Venture Capital partnerships. |
| Digital Support | Start-up Portal & Mobile App for registration, mentoring, and funding access. |
| Linkages | Collaboration with IIT Guwahati, NEDFi, Assam Start-up Nest (current hub). |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Startup India Mission (2016): Flagship programme to promote entrepreneurship.
Assam Start-up Nest: State’s first incubation hub in Guwahati (2018).
NEDFi (North Eastern Development Finance Corporation): Provides venture funding in NE region.
Stand-Up India Scheme: Loans for SC/ST and women entrepreneurs.
Start-up Definition (DPIIT, 2019): Entity less than 10 years old, turnover < ₹100 crore, innovation-driven.
India’s Unicorns: Over 110 as of 2025; NE has few, highlighting policy need.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Policy for Assam
Economic Diversification – Reduces dependence on tea, oil, and agriculture.
Youth Employment – Harnesses Assam’s demographic dividend.
Women Empowerment – Encourages women-led start-ups, particularly in handloom/handicrafts.
Rural Innovation – Promotes agri-tech, bamboo, fisheries, and climate-resilient technologies.
Integration with Act East – Opens global market access via ASEAN for start-ups in trade, IT, and services.
Digital Push – Links with Digital India and Skill India for holistic entrepreneurship growth.
B. Challenges
Funding Gaps – Early-stage capital is scarce in Assam compared to metro cities.
Infrastructure Deficit – Power cuts, weak logistics, limited coworking hubs in smaller towns.
Market Access – Assam start-ups face difficulty scaling beyond the Northeast.
Brain Drain – Talented youth migrate to Bengaluru/Hyderabad for better start-up ecosystems.
Risk Appetite – Traditional preference for stable jobs discourages entrepreneurial culture.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (2021) – Provides financial support for idea-to-prototype stage.
Digital North East Vision 2022 – Enhancing digital infrastructure in Assam & NE.
Stand-Up India / Mudra Yojana – Loan facilities for small enterprises.
Skill India Mission – Capacity building of youth entrepreneurs.
Assam Industrial & Investment Policy (2023) – Complementary incentives for industries/MSMEs.
D. Way Forward
Strengthen Incubation – Expand to all major universities and polytechnics.
Venture Capital Attraction – Create NE-focused venture funds with global partners.
Rural Focus – Encourage bamboo, sericulture, handloom start-ups linked with e-commerce.
Women-Centric Ecosystem – Provide childcare, flexible credit, and digital skilling for women founders.
Cross-Border Trade Start-ups – Leverage NE’s proximity to ASEAN for fintech, logistics, and cultural enterprises.
Monitoring & Evaluation – Regular impact assessments to avoid fund misuse.
🧩 Conclusion
The Assam Start-up & Innovation Policy 2025 reflects a progressive vision of inclusive, technology-driven growth. If executed with strong incubation, financing, and market linkages, it can transform Assam from a resource-driven economy into an innovation-driven one, creating sustainable livelihoods and positioning the state as a start-up hub of Eastern India.
🦏 Kaziranga Eco-sensitive Zone Regulation & Rhino Habitat Protection
📘 GS Paper III – Environment, Conservation, Biodiversity
📘 GS Paper V – Assam: Ecology & Development
🔹 Introduction
On 13 September 2025, Assam authorities reviewed the Eco-sensitive Zone (ESZ) regulations around Kaziranga National Park (KNP) to balance conservation and livelihood needs. With 2,400+ one-horned rhinoceroses, Kaziranga is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a global biodiversity hotspot. However, rising pressures from encroachment, infrastructure projects, and tourism necessitate stricter eco-sensitive regulation and habitat expansion plans.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| ESZ Definition | Buffer zone (usually 1–10 km) around protected areas under Environment Protection Act, 1986. |
| Kaziranga ESZ | Spread across Nagaon, Golaghat, Sonitpur districts; includes villages & agricultural land. |
| Recent Move | Govt reviewed ESZ notification to curb illegal construction & regulate mining/industries. |
| Rhino Habitat Expansion | Proposal to add more highlands within Kaziranga & corridors connecting with Karbi Anglong hills. |
| Threats Identified | Poaching, flood-driven habitat loss, linear infrastructure (NH-37), over-tourism. |
| Community Aspect | Farmers, tea workers, and local communities affected by restrictions seek compensation & livelihood support. |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Kaziranga National Park (KNP):
Established 1905; National Park since 1974; UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985).
Known for greater one-horned rhinoceros (2,413 in 2022 census).
Other species: wild water buffalo, swamp deer, elephants, tigers (Tiger Reserve since 2006).
Eco-sensitive Zones (ESZs): Declared under MoEFCC notifications to act as shock absorbers for PAs.
Assam Rhino Vision 2020 (ARV 2020): Relocation of rhinos to Manas, Orang, Pobitora.
Wildlife Corridors: Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong elephant & tiger corridors notified by SC.
Ramsar Sites in Assam: Deepor Beel, Rudrasagar, Samaguri Beel, etc.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of ESZ around Kaziranga
Biodiversity Buffer – Prevents mining, polluting industries, and construction near the park.
Habitat Connectivity – Ensures movement of rhinos, elephants, and tigers across corridors.
Disaster Adaptation – High ground in ESZ acts as shelter for animals during floods.
Tourism Management – Regulates eco-tourism while safeguarding environment.
Local Livelihood Balance – Provides scope for eco-friendly agriculture, handloom, and homestays.
B. Challenges
Encroachment – Illegal settlements and farming within ESZ.
Infrastructure Conflict – NH-37 highway expansion, railways, and oil pipelines cutting through corridors.
Poaching Networks – Though reduced after 2022, threats remain.
Community Resistance – Villagers fear loss of land and livelihoods due to restrictions.
Climate Change – Annual Brahmaputra floods submerge 70–80% of KNP area.
Tourism Pressure – Over 3 lakh visitors annually; resorts mushrooming near park boundaries.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
Eco-sensitive Zone Notifications (MoEFCC, 2011 onwards).
National Rhino Conservation Strategy (2019) – Focus on translocation & genetic diversity.
Kaziranga Habitat Expansion Project – Creation of artificial highlands for animals during floods.
Project Elephant & Project Tiger – Protection of corridor species in Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong.
Supreme Court Orders (2019, 2022) – On buffer zones and anti-poaching measures.
D. Way Forward
Corridor Protection – Legally secure Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong corridors from encroachment.
Eco-Tourism Regulation – Cap on resorts, promotion of community-run eco-lodges.
Community Participation – Benefit-sharing via eco-tourism, handicrafts, compensation for land.
Disaster Resilience – Expand artificial highlands and climate-adaptive habitat management.
Technology Use – Drone surveillance, smart fencing, GPS collaring of rhinos.
Legal Enforcement – Strict implementation of ESZ guidelines with fair compensation.
🧩 Conclusion
The Eco-sensitive Zone regulation around Kaziranga is essential for safeguarding the world’s largest one-horned rhino population and ensuring ecological balance. However, conservation must go hand-in-hand with community livelihood security. A model of participatory eco-governance, climate resilience, and regulated tourism will ensure Kaziranga continues to thrive as a symbol of Assam’s natural heritage and global biodiversity hotspot.
⚡ Indo–Bhutan Cooperation on Hydropower Projects in Assam–Bhutan Border Areas
📘 GS Paper II – International Relations (India’s Neighborhood Relations)
📘 GS Paper III – Energy, Infrastructure, Environment
📘 GS Paper V – Assam-specific Regional Development
🔹 Introduction
On 13 September 2025, India and Bhutan advanced discussions on joint hydropower projects near the Assam–Bhutan border, focusing on run-of-the-river projects, flood control, and energy cooperation. Bhutan already exports hydropower to India, contributing to bilateral relations, but new cooperation in border-linked projects seeks to address energy needs, climate resilience, and regional development in Assam’s northern districts.
🔑 Key Points
| Aspect | Details |
| Projects Planned | Small and medium run-of-the-river hydropower plants along Manas, Sankosh, and Subansiri tributaries. |
| Strategic Aim | Reduce floods in lower Assam (Baksa, Kokrajhar, Barpeta) and enhance energy trade. |
| Bhutan’s Role | Hydropower contributes ~30% of Bhutan’s GDP; major export to India. |
| India’s Role | Financing + technical support via NHPC & PGCIL; assured power purchase from Bhutan. |
| Cross-Border Significance | Strengthens bilateral ties under 2014 India–Bhutan Hydropower Cooperation Agreement. |
| Environmental Angle | Run-of-the-river model avoids large submergence but still poses ecological challenges. |
| Local Benefits | Rural electrification, employment in construction, and irrigation support in border districts. |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Hydropower in Bhutan: Major projects – Tala (1,020 MW), Chukha (336 MW), Kurichhu (60 MW), Mangdechhu (720 MW).
India–Bhutan Friendship Treaty (2007): Modernised version of 1949 treaty, gives Bhutan more sovereignty while retaining close ties.
Hydropower Cooperation Agreement (2014): India to assist Bhutan in developing 10,000 MW by 2020 (delayed).
Important Assam Rivers: Manas (UNESCO biosphere reserve), Sankosh, Subansiri — flow into Assam from Bhutan/Arunachal.
NHPC Projects in Assam: Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (2,000 MW).
India’s Renewable Target: 50% installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Indo–Bhutan Hydropower Cooperation
Energy Security – Provides clean, renewable electricity to Assam & India’s Northeast.
Flood Management – Upstream regulation helps mitigate recurring floods in lower Assam.
Economic Integration – Enhances cross-border trade and energy market integration.
Strategic Relations – Counters Chinese influence in Bhutan and reinforces India’s neighborhood first policy.
Sustainable Development – Run-of-the-river models limit displacement compared to large dams.
Local Benefits – Job creation, electrification of border villages, irrigation for agriculture.
B. Challenges
Ecological Risks – Riverine biodiversity (dolphins, fish, migratory birds) threatened by flow alteration.
Seismic Vulnerability – Himalayas prone to earthquakes, raising dam safety concerns.
Community Opposition – Local fears over displacement, land rights, and loss of fisheries.
Implementation Delays – Past projects faced cost overruns and timeline extensions.
Climate Change – Glacial melt and erratic monsoon flows impact hydropower reliability.
Geopolitical Pressure – China’s dams on Tibetan rivers could alter Brahmaputra–Subansiri flows.
C. Government Initiatives in Context
India–Bhutan Energy Cooperation (2014 onward) – Commitment for 10,000 MW projects.
BBIN Initiative – Regional framework that can include power trade.
North East Hydrocarbon & Renewable Energy Policy (NEHRP) – Focus on Assam & Arunachal hydropower.
Assam Climate Action Plan – Identifies hydropower as renewable but requires environmental safeguards.
National Hydropower Policy (2022) – Promotes hydropower as renewable with incentives.
D. Way Forward
Eco-sensitive Development – Use environment-friendly designs, fish ladders, biodiversity offsets.
Joint River Basin Authority – India–Bhutan to jointly manage flood forecasting & water flow.
Community Participation – Involve Bodo, Rabha, and other local groups in benefit-sharing.
Diversify Energy Mix – Combine hydropower with solar & biomass in border districts.
Fast-track Execution – Avoid cost overruns by better planning & local engagement.
Regional Energy Grid – Integrate Bhutan’s power with India’s Northeast grid for efficiency.
🧩 Conclusion
Indo–Bhutan hydropower cooperation in the Assam–Bhutan border belt represents a synergy of clean energy, flood control, and neighborhood diplomacy. While offering Assam an opportunity to reduce flood losses and boost renewable power, success will depend on ecological safeguards, local participation, and timely execution. Done right, it can serve as a model of sustainable cross-border development in South Asia.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
1. North East Connectivity Corridors
Q1. With reference to India’s connectivity projects in the Northeast, consider the following pairs:
- Kaladan Multi-Modal Project – India–Bangladesh link
- India–Myanmar–Thailand Highway – Starts from Moreh in Manipur
- BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement – Includes Nepal
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
👉 Answer: (b)
Explanation: Kaladan links India and Myanmar (not Bangladesh). The IMT highway begins at Moreh (Manipur), and BBIN includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal.
Q2. The Dawki–Sylhet highway, often in news, connects India to which country?
a) Myanmar
b) Bangladesh
c) Nepal
d) Bhutan
👉 Answer: (b)
2. Assam Start-up & Innovation Policy 2025
Q3. According to DPIIT, which of the following are criteria for recognition as a “start-up” in India?
- Entity less than 10 years old
- Turnover less than ₹100 crore in any year
- Must be engaged in innovation or improvement of products, services, or processes
Select the correct answer:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
👉 Answer: (d)
Q4. NEDFi, frequently mentioned in context of North East start-ups, is:
a) A financial body under RBI
b) A development finance institution for NE region
c) A venture capital fund managed by SEBI
d) A cooperative federation for rural finance
👉 Answer: (b)
Explanation: North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi) provides development financing and venture support in NE India.
3. Kaziranga ESZ & Rhino Habitat
Q5. Eco-sensitive Zones (ESZs) in India are:
a) Declared under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
b) Declared under the Environment Protection Act, 1986
c) Declared under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002
d) Declared under the Forest Rights Act, 2006
👉 Answer: (b)
Q6. With reference to Kaziranga National Park, consider the following:
- It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- It is also a Tiger Reserve.
- It is located only in Jorhat district.
Which of the statements are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
👉 Answer: (a)
Explanation: Kaziranga spans Nagaon, Golaghat, Sonitpur, Biswanath districts, not just Jorhat.
4. Indo–Bhutan Hydropower Cooperation
Q7. Which of the following hydropower projects in Bhutan have been developed with India’s assistance?
- Tala
- Chukha
- Kurichhu
- Mangdechhu
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 2 and 3 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
👉 Answer: (d)
Q8. Which of the following rivers originate in Bhutan and flow into Assam?
- Manas
- Sankosh
- Subansiri
- Teesta
a) 1, 2 and 3 only
b) 1, 2 and 4 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
👉 Answer: (a)
Explanation: Teesta originates in Sikkim, not Bhutan.
Mixed/Analytical
Q9. Which of the following best explains why India prioritises connectivity and hydropower projects with Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Bhutan from Assam?
a) To counter Western sanctions on these countries
b) To integrate Assam into global supply chains and enhance energy security
c) To reduce dependence on the Himalayan rivers for agriculture
d) To bypass ASEAN institutions in trade
👉 Answer: (b)
Q10. Consider the following statements:
- Assam’s Start-up Policy 2025 includes seed funding, incubation hubs, and women-focused incentives.
- The policy aims to create at least 5,000 start-ups by 2030.
- It replaces Assam’s Industrial Policy 2023.
Which of the statements are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3 👉 Answer: (a)
Explanation: It complements, not replaces, the Assam Industrial Policy 2023.
Explanation: Barak flows through Mizoram, Manipur, and Assam before entering Bangladesh; not Nagaland.
APSC Mains Practice Question
📝 Model Answer
Q. “Eco-sensitive zone regulations around Kaziranga National Park are crucial for rhino conservation but have also triggered livelihood concerns. Critically examine the significance and challenges of ESZs in balancing conservation and community needs in Assam.”
(GS Paper III – Environment & Biodiversity | GS Paper V – Assam Ecology)
🔹 Introduction
Kaziranga National Park (KNP), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, shelters over 2,400 one-horned rhinoceroses, making it a global conservation hotspot. To protect this fragile ecosystem, the Centre notified an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, restricting mining, industries, and unregulated construction around the park. However, the 13 Sept 2025 review of ESZ norms highlighted the friction between conservation imperatives and livelihood rights of surrounding communities.
🔹 Significance of ESZ in Kaziranga
- Biodiversity Protection – Safeguards rhinos, elephants, swamp deer, and tigers.
- Buffer Against Encroachment – Prevents resorts, stone quarries, and industrial activity near park borders.
- Habitat Connectivity – Maintains corridors with Karbi Anglong hills, vital for seasonal animal migration.
- Flood Resilience – ESZ highlands serve as animal shelters during Brahmaputra floods.
- Tourism Regulation – Promotes eco-tourism over mass, unsustainable tourism.
- Global Commitment – Aligns with India’s Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and National Rhino Conservation Strategy (2019).
🔹 Challenges
- Community Resistance – Villagers and farmers fear displacement and livelihood loss due to ESZ restrictions.
- Encroachment & Illegal Activities – Settlements, grazing, and quarrying continue despite notification.
- Infrastructure Conflict – NH-37, railways, and pipelines fragment habitats.
- Over-Tourism – Resorts and safari traffic disturb animal movement.
- Climate Change – Annual floods submerge 70–80% of the park, forcing rhinos to move into human-dominated ESZ areas.
- Enforcement Gap – Weak monitoring and lack of compensation delay ESZ effectiveness.
🔹 Government Measures
- Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong Corridors: Identified as priority conservation zones by SC (2019).
- National Rhino Conservation Strategy (2019): Focus on anti-poaching and habitat expansion.
- Artificial Highlands: Built inside Kaziranga for flood-season shelters.
- Project Tiger & Project Elephant: Support corridor protection.
- Assam Rhino Vision 2020: Translocated rhinos to Manas and Orang.
🔹 Way Forward
- Participatory Conservation – Involve local communities in eco-tourism, benefit-sharing, and forest co-management.
- Sustainable Livelihoods – Promote handicrafts, handloom, and eco-farming linked with Kaziranga branding.
- Regulated Tourism – Cap on resorts; promote homestays run by locals.
- Green Infrastructure – Wildlife-friendly crossings on NH-37 and railway lines.
- Disaster Adaptation – Expand highlands and flood shelters for wildlife.
- Transparent Compensation – Fair and timely packages for farmers affected by ESZ restrictions.
🔹 Conclusion
The Eco-Sensitive Zone around Kaziranga is a vital instrument for safeguarding Assam’s iconic rhinos and its broader ecosystem. Yet, its success depends on balancing conservation with human security. A community-inclusive, climate-adaptive, and strictly regulated ESZ framework can ensure Kaziranga remains not only a symbol of Assam’s heritage but also a global model of coexistence between people and wildlife.her states in India’s climate journey.curring calamity into a manageable ecological phenomenon. This will align with both the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and Assam’s Vision 2030 for sustainable development.
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