APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (12/03/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (12-03-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
Topic 1: Orunodoi Model Boosting Assam’s Economy
GS Paper 2 & 3: Welfare Schemes, Inclusive Growth, Indian Economy
Introduction
The Orunodoi scheme, launched by the Assam government in 2020, has emerged as one of India’s most ambitious Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) programs aimed at poverty reduction and women empowerment. By providing direct financial assistance to economically weaker sections, particularly women, the scheme has boosted Assam’s rural economy, improved household incomes, and strengthened social security.
Recent reports indicate that Orunodoi is playing a vital role in increasing consumption, reducing distress migration, and enhancing financial inclusion, making it a model welfare program for other Indian states.
Key Points
✅ 1. What is the Orunodoi Scheme?
- A Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme providing monthly financial assistance of ₹1,250 to economically weaker households.
- Beneficiaries are primarily women, ensuring direct support for families.
- Funds are transferred electronically to bank accounts, promoting financial inclusion.
✅ 2. Objectives of the Scheme:
- Women Empowerment: Financial assistance directly deposited into women’s bank accounts, ensuring greater control over household finances.
- Poverty Reduction: Helps low-income families afford essential goods like food, medicine, and education.
- Strengthening Assam’s Rural Economy: Increased spending power among beneficiaries leads to higher local demand.
- Social Welfare Enhancement: Reduces distress migration and improves access to basic needs.
✅ 3. Impact of Orunodoi on Assam’s Economy
- Increase in Household Consumption: Higher spending on nutrition, healthcare, and education.
- Boost to Local Markets: More disposable income increases demand for essential goods, helping small businesses.
- Improved Financial Inclusion: Encourages women to open and use bank accounts, increasing their economic participation.
✅ 4. Recent Enhancements to Orunodoi
- Expanded beneficiary list to 28 lakh families (from 17 lakh initially).
- Monthly assistance increased from ₹830 to ₹1,250 per family.
- Special financial aid for disabled and elderly beneficiaries.
Prelims Pointers
- Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): A government mechanism for directly transferring subsidies to beneficiaries’ bank accounts.
- Orunodoi’s Primary Beneficiaries: Women from low-income households, widows, and disabled individuals.
- Financial Inclusion: Increasing access to formal banking and credit services for marginalized communities.
- Assam’s Social Welfare Schemes: Includes Orunodoi, Arundhati Gold Scheme (for marriage assistance), and Pragyan Bharati (education scholarships).
Mains Pointers
✅ 1. How Orunodoi is Strengthening Assam’s Economy
🔹 Boosting Rural Demand & Small Businesses
- Direct cash assistance increases household purchasing power, leading to higher demand for essential goods.
- Small shop owners, local vendors, and Kirana stores benefit from increased consumer spending.
🔹 Reducing Poverty & Malnutrition
- Beneficiary families spend more on nutritious food, medicine, and education.
- Helps address malnutrition and health issues among rural populations.
🔹 Enhancing Women’s Financial Independence
- Money is transferred only to female family members, ensuring greater control over financial decisions.
- More women opening bank accounts and participating in economic activities.
🔹 Encouraging Inclusive Growth & Social Stability
- Helps low-income communities avoid distress migration by improving their economic conditions.
- Reduces dependency on informal moneylenders, preventing debt traps.
✅ 2. Challenges & Limitations of Orunodoi
✅ 1. Financial Burden on the State Government
- The scheme costs over ₹4,000 crore annually, increasing Assam’s fiscal deficit.
- Dependence on central government funding for long-term sustainability.
✅ 2. Need for Skill Development & Employment Generation
- Direct cash transfers do not create jobs—need to link Orunodoi with employment schemes like MGNREGA & skill training programs.
- Beneficiaries should be encouraged to use funds for entrepreneurial activities.
✅ 3. Leakages & Exclusion Errors
- Reports of ineligible beneficiaries receiving funds due to weak verification mechanisms.
- Some deserving families are excluded due to documentation issues.
✅ 4. Inflationary Pressure on Local Markets
- Increased cash flow raises demand but may also push up local prices.
- Need for price control mechanisms to prevent inflationary shocks.
3. Government Measures to Improve Orunodoi
✅ 1. Strengthening Beneficiary Selection & Monitoring
- Using Aadhaar-linked DBT for better targeting.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data analytics to prevent fraudulent claims.
✅ 2. Linking with Employment & Entrepreneurship Programs
- Creating skill-based microfinance programs for women.
- Encouraging self-employment through small business loans.
✅ 3. Expanding Financial Inclusion Initiatives
- Promoting mobile banking and digital payment systems in rural Assam.
- Providing basic financial literacy programs for beneficiaries.
✅ 4. Ensuring Long-Term Fiscal Sustainability
- Exploring co-funding models with the central government and private sector CSR initiatives.
- Encouraging gradual reduction of cash assistance with employment support.
Way Forward
✅ 1. Moving from Welfare to Economic Empowerment
- Shifting focus from direct cash transfers to productive investments in women-led businesses.
- Encouraging Orunodoi beneficiaries to enroll in self-help groups and skill training programs.
✅ 2. Strengthening DBT Infrastructure & Data Analytics
- Real-time monitoring dashboards to track fund usage and impact assessment.
- Geo-tagging and AI-based verification to improve targeting and transparency.
✅ 3. Expanding Social Welfare Integration
- Integrating Orunodoi with health insurance, microfinance, and subsidized housing schemes.
- Promoting women-led cooperatives in agriculture, handicrafts, and rural enterprises.
✅ 4. Public-Private Collaboration for Financial Inclusion
- Partnering with banks, fintech startups, and NGOs to offer affordable financial services to beneficiaries.
- Encouraging corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributions for skill development programs.
Conclusion
The Orunodoi scheme has significantly improved Assam’s rural economy by enhancing women’s financial empowerment, increasing local consumption, and reducing poverty. However, for long-term sustainability, the government must link cash transfers with skill development, employment, and entrepreneurship opportunities.
By strengthening DBT infrastructure, reducing leakages, and expanding economic opportunities, Orunodoi can serve as a model welfare program for other Indian states while ensuring inclusive and sustainable growth for Assam’s economy.
Topic 2: Meghalaya’s Byrnihat Tops Global Pollution List
GS Paper 3: Environment, Pollution, Sustainable Development
Introduction
Byrnihat, an industrial town on the Assam-Meghalaya border, has been ranked as the most polluted city in the world in a recent Air Quality Index (AQI) report. The study, conducted by IQAir and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), revealed dangerous levels of PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants, exceeding the WHO’s safe air quality limits.
This alarming situation has raised concerns over industrial emissions, deforestation, and vehicular pollution, making urgent environmental action necessary.
Key Points
✅ 1. Pollution Levels in Byrnihat
- PM2.5 Concentration: 157 µg/m³ (Safe limit: 15 µg/m³ as per WHO).
- PM10 Concentration: 250 µg/m³ (Safe limit: 50 µg/m³).
- AQI Score: 387 (Severe category).
✅ 2. Causes of High Pollution Levels
🔹 Industrial Emissions:
- Byrnihat houses cement factories, thermal plants, and paper mills, releasing high levels of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
- Lack of pollution control measures in many unregulated industrial units.
🔹 Deforestation & Land Use Change:
- Large-scale tree-cutting for industrial expansion has reduced natural air purification.
- Illegal limestone and coal mining in nearby areas worsens dust pollution.
🔹 Vehicular Pollution & Traffic Congestion:
- Heavy truck movement between Assam and Meghalaya increases diesel exhaust emissions.
- Lack of green transport options (like electric buses) contributes to smog formation.
🔹 Geographical & Weather Factors:
- Byrnihat’s hilly terrain traps air pollutants, causing a temperature inversion effect.
- Low wind speed in winter prevents pollutant dispersion.
Prelims Pointers
- PM2.5 vs. PM10: Fine particulate matter pollutants; PM2.5 is more harmful as it enters the bloodstream.
- Air Quality Index (AQI): Measures air pollution levels; ranges from 0-500 (good to hazardous).
- National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP): CPCB’s initiative to track air pollution levels.
- Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): A pollution control plan implemented in Delhi NCR and other critically polluted cities.
- Major Indian Pollution Hotspots: Delhi, Kanpur, Varanasi, Dhanbad, and now Byrnihat.
Mains Pointers
✅ 1. Impact of Severe Air Pollution in Byrnihat
🔹 Public Health Crisis
- High pollution levels cause respiratory illnesses (asthma, lung cancer, COPD).
- Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke.
- Children and elderly suffer the most due to prolonged exposure.
🔹 Economic Costs of Pollution
- Industries may face shutdowns and penalties, impacting jobs.
- Increased healthcare expenses for respiratory treatments.
- Pollution could reduce tourism and real estate value in the region.
🔹 Environmental Damage
- Acid rain risk due to SO₂ and NOx emissions.
- Loss of biodiversity in Meghalaya’s forests due to air and water pollution.
- Contaminated water bodies from industrial effluents, harming aquatic life.
✅ 2. Challenges in Controlling Pollution in Byrnihat
✅ 1. Weak Industrial Regulation & Policy Enforcement
- Many industries operate without strict pollution control measures.
- Lack of regulatory monitoring allows industries to bypass emission norms.
✅ 2. Uncontrolled Mining & Deforestation
- Illegal coal mining (rat-hole mining) and limestone extraction increase dust pollution.
- Reduced tree cover weakens natural carbon absorption, worsening air quality.
✅ 3. Transport & Fuel Emissions
- Diesel trucks and outdated public transport add to vehicular pollution.
- No proper electric vehicle (EV) policies to transition away from fossil fuels.
✅ 4. Lack of Pollution Control Infrastructure
- Few air quality monitoring stations—data collection remains incomplete.
- No waste-to-energy plants or proper industrial waste disposal systems.
3. Government Measures to Control Pollution
✅ 1. Strengthening Air Quality Monitoring
- Installing real-time air pollution sensors across industrial zones.
- Expanding CPCB’s National Air Quality Index (NAQI) network in Northeast India.
✅ 2. Strict Industrial Emission Regulations
- Mandating pollution control devices (electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers) in industries.
- Shutting down non-compliant factories under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
✅ 3. Sustainable Transport & Green Energy Transition
- Implementing electric vehicle (EV) subsidies and green transport policies.
- Expanding public transport (CNG and EV buses) in Byrnihat and nearby areas.
✅ 4. Reforestation & Land Restoration
- Launching an afforestation drive in Byrnihat’s industrial areas.
- Strict penalties for illegal deforestation and mining-related pollution.
✅ 5. Implementing a “Red Category” Pollution Control Plan
- Byrnihat should be included in India’s most polluted cities list, triggering emergency pollution response mechanisms.
- Following Delhi’s Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), including industrial curbs and dust suppression techniques.
Way Forward
✅ 1. Comprehensive Industrial Pollution Control Policies
- Shifting cement and coal-based industries to cleaner technologies.
- Encouraging green manufacturing through incentives and subsidies.
✅ 2. Public Awareness & Community Participation
- Involving local NGOs and schools in air pollution awareness programs.
- Promoting eco-friendly alternatives like LPG for domestic cooking to reduce wood smoke.
✅ 3. Expanding Renewable Energy Investments
- Encouraging solar and wind energy projects to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
- Mandating carbon capture technologies in polluting industries.
✅ 4. Strengthening Interstate Cooperation
- Meghalaya and Assam should jointly implement a regional clean air action plan.
- Cross-state agreements to control pollution from industrial and transport sources.
Conclusion
Byrnihat’s ranking as the world’s most polluted city is a wake-up call for urgent environmental action. The state and central governments must strengthen air quality laws, enforce strict industrial regulations, and invest in clean energy alternatives.
With stronger monitoring, sustainable policies, and community involvement, Byrnihat can transform from a pollution hotspot into a model for green industrial development.
Topic 3: Assam Conducts First Robotic Knee Surgery
GS Paper 3: Science & Technology, Healthcare, Innovation
Introduction
Assam has successfully conducted its first-ever robotic knee replacement surgery at a leading medical institution in Guwahati. This marks a significant milestone in healthcare innovation, medical technology adoption, and precision surgery in Northeast India.
The use of robotic-assisted technology in orthopedic procedures is expected to improve surgical accuracy, reduce recovery time, and enhance patient outcomes. With increasing cases of arthritis, joint disorders, and aging-related knee problems in Assam, this development could revolutionize the state’s healthcare infrastructure and medical tourism.
Key Points
✅ 1. What is Robotic Knee Surgery?
- A minimally invasive surgical technique where a robotic arm assists doctors in performing precise knee replacement surgeries.
- Uses AI-based 3D mapping to customize the placement of knee implants according to a patient’s anatomy.
- Reduces surgical errors and ensures faster post-operative recovery.
✅ 2. Benefits of Robotic Knee Surgery:
- Higher Precision & Accuracy: Ensures optimal alignment of knee implants, reducing post-surgery complications.
- Minimally Invasive: Less damage to surrounding tissues, resulting in lower pain and quicker recovery.
- Faster Recovery & Reduced Hospital Stay: Patients experience less blood loss and shorter rehabilitation time.
- Lower Risk of Revision Surgery: Better implant placement reduces the need for re-surgery in the future.
✅ 3. Why is This Important for Assam?
- Growing Cases of Osteoarthritis & Joint Disorders: Assam has a rising elderly population, leading to an increased demand for knee surgeries.
- Healthcare Modernization: Brings Assam on par with leading medical hubs like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore in advanced surgery techniques.
- Potential for Medical Tourism: Attracts patients from Northeast India, Bhutan, and Bangladesh for high-tech medical treatment.
✅ 4. Challenges & Limitations of Robotic Surgery in Assam
- High Cost: The procedure is more expensive than conventional knee surgery.
- Limited Availability of Skilled Surgeons: Requires specialized training in robotic-assisted surgery.
- Infrastructure & Equipment Costs: Hospitals need high-end robotic surgical machines, increasing financial burden.
Prelims Pointers
- Robotic-Assisted Surgery: A medical technique that uses AI-driven robotic arms to assist doctors in performing minimally invasive procedures.
- Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that affects knees, hips, and other weight-bearing joints, common in elderly patients.
- 3D Mapping in Surgery: A technology that creates personalized surgical plans using AI and imaging tools.
- Medical Tourism: Patients traveling to other cities or countries for advanced or cost-effective healthcare treatments.
- India’s Robotic Surgery Hubs: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and now Guwahati.
Mains Pointers
✅ 1. Impact of Robotic Knee Surgery on Assam’s Healthcare System
🔹 Improving Medical Infrastructure
- Encourages top hospitals in Assam to invest in robotic technology.
- Boosts collaboration between private healthcare and government institutions.
🔹 Enhancing Patient Care & Outcomes
- Faster recovery and fewer complications improve the quality of life for patients.
- Reduces the need for repeat surgeries, decreasing healthcare costs in the long run.
🔹 Boosting Medical Education & Research
- Encourages AI-driven medical innovations in Assam’s healthcare institutions.
- Medical colleges can train future orthopedic surgeons in robotic technology.
🔹 Positioning Assam as a Medical Tourism Hub
- Attracts patients from neighboring states and countries seeking advanced surgery.
- Increases healthcare revenue and investment in Assam’s private hospitals.
✅ 2. Challenges in Expanding Robotic Surgery in Assam
✅ 1. High Cost & Affordability Issues
- Robotic surgeries are expensive, costing ₹2-4 lakh per procedure, making them unaffordable for low-income patients.
- Need for government subsidies or health insurance coverage for advanced treatments.
✅ 2. Shortage of Skilled Robotic Surgeons
- Currently, very few doctors in Assam are trained in robotic surgery techniques.
- Requires specialized training programs and partnerships with national medical institutes.
✅ 3. Limited Awareness Among Patients
- Many people still prefer traditional knee replacement due to a lack of awareness about robotic alternatives.
- Need for massive awareness campaigns to educate patients on robotic surgery benefits.
✅ 4. Dependence on Imported Medical Equipment
- Robotic surgery systems are mostly imported from the US and Europe, increasing treatment costs.
- Encouraging Make in India medical technology could make robotic surgery more affordable.
3. Government & Policy Measures to Promote Robotic Surgery in Assam
✅ 1. Expanding Public-Private Healthcare Collaboration
- Encouraging private hospitals to set up robotic surgery departments.
- Providing government incentives and tax benefits for AI-driven medical technology.
✅ 2. Training & Capacity Building for Surgeons
- Establishing robotic surgery training centers at Assam Medical College and other institutions.
- Sending doctors to AIIMS & other top hospitals for specialized robotic surgery training.
✅ 3. Reducing Cost Through Subsidies & Insurance
- Including robotic surgeries under Ayushman Bharat health insurance.
- Offering subsidized robotic surgeries in government hospitals.
✅ 4. Encouraging Medical Technology Startups in Assam
- Promoting local manufacturing of robotic surgery equipment under Make in India.
- Encouraging health-tech startups to develop AI-driven medical innovations.
Way Forward
✅ 1. Expanding Robotic Surgery to More Specialties
- Robotic technology should be expanded to other fields like neurosurgery, cancer treatment, and gynecology.
- Investing in multi-specialty robotic surgery centers in Assam.
✅ 2. Making Robotic Surgery Affordable & Accessible
- Government should negotiate with private hospitals to lower robotic surgery costs.
- Implementing EMI-based financing options for middle-class patients.
✅ 3. Increasing Research & Development in AI-based Healthcare
- Encouraging Assam’s medical colleges and AI startups to collaborate on surgical innovations.
- Creating AI-based patient monitoring systems for post-surgical care.
✅ 4. Strengthening Assam’s Role as a Healthcare Hub
- Promoting Guwahati as Northeast India’s leader in robotic surgery & advanced medical treatments.
- Developing special economic zones (SEZs) for medical technology companies.
Conclusion
The introduction of robotic knee surgery in Assam is a landmark achievement that enhances surgical precision, patient recovery, and medical innovation. However, high costs, limited surgeon availability, and lack of public awareness remain major challenges.
By investing in robotic surgery training, reducing treatment costs, and promoting medical tourism, Assam can emerge as a center for advanced healthcare technology in Northeast India.
With the right policy interventions, public-private partnerships, and financial incentives, robotic surgery can become an affordable and widely accessible healthcare solution for the region.
Topic 4: Rs 25,000 Crore Allocated for Maritime Sector Development
GS Paper 3: Infrastructure, Economy, Blue Economy, Inland Water Transport
Introduction
The Indian government has allocated ₹25,000 crore for maritime sector development, focusing on port modernization, inland waterways, and coastal infrastructure. Assam, with its strategic location along the Brahmaputra River and proximity to Southeast Asia, is set to benefit significantly from this initiative.
The investment aligns with the Sagarmala Program and India’s Blue Economy Strategy, aiming to enhance inland water transport (IWT), reduce logistics costs, and promote trade with neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Bhutan.
Key Points
✅ 1. What Does the ₹25,000 Crore Maritime Development Plan Cover?
- Port Infrastructure Upgradation: Expansion of Guwahati and Pandu ports to handle larger cargo volumes.
- Inland Water Transport (IWT) Expansion: Modernizing National Waterway-2 (Brahmaputra) and NW-16 (Barak River).
- Coastal Connectivity: Strengthening Assam-Bangladesh water trade routes under the India-Bangladesh Protocol on Inland Water Transit & Trade (PIWTT).
- Shipbuilding & Logistics Hub: Setting up marine engineering clusters to boost ship repair and vessel manufacturing.
✅ 2. Importance of Maritime Development for Assam
- Boost to Trade & Commerce: Cheaper transportation for tea, coal, cement, and agricultural exports.
- Reduction in Logistics Costs: Inland water transport is cheaper than road and rail, reducing freight costs by 30-40%.
- Strengthening India’s Act East Policy: Enhances connectivity with Myanmar, Bangladesh, and ASEAN nations.
✅ 3. Environmental & Economic Benefits of Inland Waterways
- Lower Carbon Emissions: Water transport has less pollution than road and rail transport.
- Decongestion of Highways & Railways: Reduces traffic load on National Highway-37 and railway freight corridors.
- Tourism & Employment Opportunities: Promotes river cruise tourism and eco-tourism along the Brahmaputra.
✅ 4. Key Challenges in Maritime Infrastructure Development
- Siltation & Navigation Issues: Heavy sedimentation in Brahmaputra and Barak rivers reduces navigability.
- Lack of Modern Cargo Handling Facilities: Assam’s river ports lack containerized cargo handling systems.
- Slow Bureaucratic Approvals: Land acquisition and environmental clearances delay infrastructure projects.
Prelims Pointers
- Sagarmala Program: India’s maritime infrastructure development initiative for port-led growth and blue economy expansion.
- National Waterway-2 (NW-2): Brahmaputra River from Dhubri to Sadiya, facilitating cargo transport & trade.
- Act East Policy: India’s strategic initiative to improve connectivity with Southeast Asia via Assam & Northeast.
- PIWTT (Protocol on Inland Water Transit & Trade): India-Bangladesh agreement for seamless riverine cargo movement.
Mains Pointers
✅ 1. How Maritime Development Will Transform Assam’s Economy
🔹 Lowering Freight Costs & Improving Trade Competitiveness
- Inland water transport is cheaper than road and rail, reducing transportation costs.
- Boosts exports of tea, rice, and petroleum products from Assam to Bangladesh & Myanmar.
🔹 Creating Employment & Investment Opportunities
- New shipbuilding and logistics hubs will generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs.
- Private sector investment in cargo terminals, river tourism, and fisheries will increase.
🔹 Enhancing Regional Connectivity & India’s Act East Policy
- Strengthens India’s trade links with Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan & ASEAN nations.
- Waterways can serve as alternative trade routes during road disruptions due to floods or landslides.
🔹 Boosting Assam’s Tourism & Hospitality Sector
- Investment in luxury river cruises along Brahmaputra will attract domestic & foreign tourists.
- Eco-tourism & adventure sports on river islands will create new business opportunities.
✅ 2. Challenges in Maritime Infrastructure Development
✅ 1. Navigational Barriers & River Siltation
- Heavy siltation in Brahmaputra and Barak rivers reduces the efficiency of inland waterways.
- Dredging operations need to be conducted regularly to maintain navigability.
✅ 2. Lack of Multimodal Connectivity
- Inland ports need better road & rail connectivity to ensure seamless cargo movement.
- Integration with rail freight corridors is essential for last-mile delivery.
✅ 3. Environmental & Social Concerns
- Large-scale infrastructure development may impact fragile river ecosystems.
- Fishermen & river-dependent communities must be consulted before policy implementation.
✅ 4. Slow Implementation & Bureaucratic Delays
- Clearances for port expansion take years, delaying private sector investment.
- Need for fast-track approvals & single-window clearance for maritime projects.
3. Government Initiatives to Boost Assam’s Maritime Sector
✅ 1. Expansion of National Waterway-2 & Waterway-16
- ₹5,000 crore allocated for dredging, modernization & navigation aids.
- Introduction of AI-based river traffic monitoring systems.
✅ 2. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in River Transport
- Encouraging private investment in shipbuilding, cargo terminals, and logistics parks.
- Subsidies & tax incentives for companies investing in Assam’s maritime sector.
✅ 3. Integration with Digital Logistics Platforms
- Developing an Integrated Port Management System (IPMS) for real-time cargo tracking.
- Linking Assam’s ports with India’s National Logistics Portal to improve efficiency.
✅ 4. Promoting Green Energy in River Transport
- Introduction of solar-powered ferries & electric cargo barges to reduce carbon emissions.
- Setting up renewable energy-based port infrastructure.
Way Forward
✅ 1. Strengthening Infrastructure & Logistics Hubs
- Setting up multimodal cargo terminals in Guwahati, Dhubri & Silchar.
- Developing port-based industrial zones for agro-processing and trade.
✅ 2. Encouraging Private Sector Participation
- Offering tax breaks & financial incentives to companies investing in Assam’s maritime sector.
- Building world-class shipbuilding & repair facilities in Northeast India.
✅ 3. Strengthening Environmental Safeguards
- Conducting impact assessments before large-scale dredging projects.
- Promoting sustainable river navigation practices to protect biodiversity.
✅ 4. Expanding International Trade Routes via Waterways
- Strengthening India-Bangladesh water transit agreements for seamless cargo movement.
- Establishing direct shipping routes with Myanmar & Thailand under Act East Policy.
Conclusion
The ₹25,000 crore investment in maritime development presents a game-changing opportunity for Assam, enabling low-cost trade, industrial growth, and environmental sustainability. However, navigational challenges, slow approvals, and ecological concerns must be addressed for long-term success.
With strategic planning, private-sector collaboration, and regional connectivity initiatives, Assam can become a leading inland water transport hub in India, strengthening its position in the Blue Economy and India’s Act East Policy.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
Topic 1: Orunodoi Model Boosting Assam’s Economy
Question 1
Which of the following statements about the Orunodoi scheme are correct?
- It is a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme aimed at providing financial assistance to women.
- The funds under this scheme are transferred to male members of the household to ensure financial security.
- The scheme primarily targets low-income families, widows, and disabled individuals.
- The assistance amount under Orunodoi has been recently increased to ₹1,250 per month.
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 3 only
b) 1, 3, and 4 only
c) 2, 3, and 4 only
d) 1, 2, and 4 only
✅ Answer: b) 1, 3, and 4 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: Orunodoi is a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme providing cash assistance to poor households.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The money is transferred directly to women beneficiaries, ensuring female financial empowerment.
- Statement 3 is correct: The scheme primarily targets widows, disabled individuals, and low-income families.
- Statement 4 is correct: The Assam government recently increased the assistance from ₹830 to ₹1,250 per month.
Question 2
Which of the following benefits are associated with the Orunodoi scheme?
- Increased household consumption and improved nutrition levels
- Boost to local markets and small businesses
- Higher financial inclusion of women through bank transfers
- Direct employment generation in rural areas
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1, 2, and 3 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: a) 1, 2, and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct: Orunodoi increases consumption, improves market demand, and enhances women’s financial inclusion.
- Statement 4 is incorrect: While the scheme improves economic stability, it does not directly generate employment like MGNREGA.
Topic 2: Meghalaya’s Byrnihat Tops Global Pollution List
Question 3
Which of the following pollutants are considered major contributors to air pollution in Byrnihat?
- Particulate Matter (PM2.5 & PM10)
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂)
- Methane (CH₄)
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 2, and 4 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: b) 1, 2, and 4 only
Explanation:
- PM2.5 & PM10 are major pollutants from industrial emissions and vehicular smoke.
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) is released from coal-based industries and power plants.
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) are emitted by diesel vehicles and industrial furnaces.
- Methane (CH₄) is not a major air pollutant in Byrnihat—it is more relevant to agricultural emissions and landfills.
Question 4
Which of the following government initiatives aim to control air pollution in India?
- National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP)
- Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
- National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC)
- Bharat Stage (BS) Emission Standards
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 2, and 4 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: b) 1, 2, and 4 only
Explanation:
- NAMP: Monitors air quality levels across Indian cities.
- GRAP: Implements emergency pollution control measures in highly polluted areas like Delhi.
- BS Emission Standards: Regulate vehicular pollution by controlling exhaust emissions.
- NAFCC is incorrect—it focuses on climate adaptation, not air pollution control.
Topic 3: Assam Conducts First Robotic Knee Surgery
Question 5
Which of the following are advantages of robotic-assisted knee surgery?
- Greater surgical precision and reduced recovery time
- Lower risk of post-surgery complications
- More affordability compared to traditional knee surgeries
- Better alignment and longevity of knee implants
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 2, and 4 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: b) 1, 2, and 4 only
Explanation:
- Robotic knee surgery improves precision, ensures better implant alignment, and reduces complications.
- It is more expensive than traditional knee surgery due to high equipment costs, making statement 3 incorrect.
Question 6
Which of the following technologies are used in robotic knee replacement surgery?
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- 3D Mapping & Imaging
- Telemedicine
- Electromagnetic Navigation
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 2, and 4 only
c) 3 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: b) 1, 2, and 4 only
Explanation:
- AI and 3D Mapping help in precision surgery by creating personalized knee implant designs.
- Electromagnetic Navigation assists in robotic-assisted movement during surgery.
- Telemedicine is used for remote consultations, not for robotic surgery itself.
Topic 4: Rs 25,000 Crore Allocated for Maritime Sector Development
Question 7
Which of the following inland waterways in Assam are part of the National Waterways (NW) network?
- Brahmaputra River (NW-2)
- Barak River (NW-16)
- Manas River (NW-6)
- Dhansiri River (NW-10)
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 2, and 3 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- NW-2: Brahmaputra River from Dhubri to Sadiya.
- NW-16: Barak River from Lakhipur to Bhanga.
- Manas and Dhansiri Rivers are not classified as National Waterways.
Question 8
The India-Bangladesh Protocol on Inland Water Transit & Trade (PIWTT) aims to:
- Facilitate seamless cargo movement between the two countries
- Reduce transportation costs for Indian exports to Bangladesh
- Expand the use of National Waterway-1 (Ganga) for cross-border trade
- Strengthen maritime security cooperation
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 2, and 3 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
It does not cover NW-1 (Ganga) or maritime security issues.
PIWTT allows Indian cargo vessels to use Bangladesh’s river routes for trade.
APSC Mains Practice Question
Mains Question
“Inland Water Transport (IWT) has the potential to revolutionize Assam’s economy by reducing logistics costs and enhancing trade connectivity. However, several infrastructural and environmental challenges hinder its growth. Analyze the significance of IWT for Assam and suggest measures to overcome the associated challenges.” (GS Paper 3: Infrastructure, Economy, Sustainable Development)
Model Answer
Introduction
Inland Water Transport (IWT) is emerging as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient mode of transport, particularly in riverine states like Assam. The Brahmaputra (National Waterway-2) and Barak (National Waterway-16) offer immense potential for cargo transport, trade, and regional connectivity.
The recent ₹25,000 crore investment in India’s maritime sector, including port modernization and IWT expansion, is expected to enhance Assam’s trade with Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Southeast Asia. However, several infrastructural, regulatory, and environmental challenges must be addressed to unlock its full potential.
Significance of IWT for Assam’s Economy
✅ 1. Reduction in Logistics Costs & Boost to Trade
- IWT is 30-40% cheaper than road and rail transport, reducing freight costs for industries.
- Assam’s agriculture, tea, and petroleum sectors can export goods more efficiently.
- The India-Bangladesh Protocol on Inland Water Transit & Trade (PIWTT) facilitates cross-border cargo movement, reducing dependence on congested road routes.
✅ 2. Enhancing Regional Connectivity & Act East Policy
- Strengthens trade routes with Bangladesh, Myanmar, and ASEAN nations.
- Provides alternative trade corridors during monsoons when road transport is disrupted.
- Increases economic integration with Northeast India and mainland India.
✅ 3. Promoting Sustainable & Eco-Friendly Transport
- Waterways produce 50% fewer carbon emissions compared to road transport.
- Reduces traffic congestion and fuel consumption, making trade more sustainable.
✅ 4. Creation of Employment & Investment Opportunities
- Port development and logistics hubs will generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs.
- Encourages private sector investments in shipbuilding, cargo terminals, and logistics parks.
- Boosts river tourism and eco-tourism, creating more revenue streams for Assam.
✅ 5. Strengthening Assam’s Agriculture & Industry
- Enables bulk transport of agricultural produce, cement, coal, and fertilizers.
- Tea and oil refineries in Assam can reduce export costs by using waterways instead of roads.
- Facilitates growth of fisheries, sand mining, and river-based economic activities.
Challenges in Expanding IWT in Assam
✅ 1. Navigational Barriers & River Siltation
- The Brahmaputra River faces heavy sedimentation, reducing navigability.
- Dredging operations are expensive and need regular maintenance.
✅ 2. Lack of Modern Cargo Handling Infrastructure
- Assam’s river ports lack containerized cargo facilities.
- Limited night navigation systems reduce efficiency.
- Slow cargo loading/unloading at Pandu, Dhubri, and Silchar ports increases turnaround time.
✅ 3. Environmental & Social Concerns
- Dredging and riverbed modification can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.
- Large-scale IWT development may affect traditional fishing communities.
✅ 4. Policy & Regulatory Bottlenecks
- Multiple agencies (IWAI, state governments, customs, and shipping departments) create bureaucratic delays.
- Lack of a single-window clearance system for private sector investment.
✅ 5. Limited Integration with Rail & Road Transport
- Poor last-mile connectivity from inland ports to industrial zones.
- Absence of seamless multimodal transport hubs in Assam.
Government Measures to Strengthen IWT in Assam
✅ 1. Expansion & Modernization of National Waterways
- Dredging operations on NW-2 (Brahmaputra) & NW-16 (Barak) to improve navigability.
- Construction of new terminals, warehouses, and cold storage facilities at major river ports.
✅ 2. Strengthening Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model
- Encouraging private investment in shipbuilding, port operations, and cargo handling.
- Offering tax incentives and subsidies for IWT-based logistics companies.
✅ 3. Enhancing Multimodal Connectivity
- Integrating river ports with road and rail networks for seamless cargo movement.
- Development of dry ports and logistics hubs in Guwahati, Dibrugarh, and Dhubri.
✅ 4. Promoting Green Technology & Sustainable River Transport
- Introduction of solar-powered ferries and electric cargo vessels to reduce carbon footprint.
- Use of AI-based river traffic monitoring systems to improve efficiency.
✅ 5. Expanding India-Bangladesh Water Trade Agreements
- Increasing cross-border trade points under the PIWTT agreement.
- Strengthening diplomatic ties to allow seamless movement of Indian goods through Bangladesh’s waterways.
Way Forward
✅ 1. Long-Term Investment in IWT Infrastructure
- Setting up river-based industrial clusters and economic zones to promote trade.
- Expansion of shipbuilding and vessel maintenance industries in Assam.
✅ 2. Faster Regulatory Clearances for IWT Projects
- Implementing single-window approvals for inland waterway projects.
- Simplifying customs and cargo clearance procedures at river ports.
✅ 3. Training & Skill Development in Maritime Sector
- Establishing specialized training institutes for inland water transport professionals.
- Encouraging local workforce participation in shipbuilding and port management.
✅ 4. Strengthening Environmental Safeguards
- Conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) before major dredging projects.
- Implementing biodiversity conservation programs along Assam’s river ecosystems.
✅ 5. Leveraging Digital Technology for Efficient Water Transport
- Implementing AI-based cargo tracking & navigation systems to improve efficiency.
- Developing online platforms for real-time monitoring of vessel movements and cargo logistics.
Conclusion
Assam’s inland waterways have immense potential to become a leading transport and trade corridor in Northeast India. With strategic investment, modern infrastructure, and sustainable policies, IWT can reduce logistics costs, strengthen regional trade, and generate employment.
However, challenges such as navigational bottlenecks, environmental risks, and policy delays need to be addressed. By promoting private-sector involvement, ensuring multimodal integration, and expanding international trade agreements, Assam can become a hub for inland water transport and a key player in India’s Act East Policy.
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