APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (03/03/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (03-03-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
Topic 1: Private Moon Lander “Blue Ghost” and the Future of Lunar Exploration
GS Paper 3: Science & Technology, Space
Introduction
The Blue Ghost lunar lander, developed by Firefly Aerospace, successfully landed on the Moon as part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program. This marks a significant milestone in private sector participation in space exploration, advancing lunar research, resource utilization, and future human missions.
Key Points
- Mission Objective: The Blue Ghost lander aims to deliver scientific payloads to the Moon, enabling research on lunar soil composition, radiation exposure, and navigation systems.
- Private Sector Involvement: This is part of NASA’s push for commercial lunar transport, encouraging private companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Firefly Aerospace to participate.
- Payloads on Board:
- Instruments for analyzing lunar dust and surface temperatures.
- Technology to test navigation for future crewed missions.
- Landing Site: The lander touched down in the Mare Crisium region of the Moon, an area of geological interest.
- Significance for Artemis Program: Blue Ghost’s success strengthens NASA’s Artemis program, which aims to establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon by 2030.
Prelims Pointers
- Blue Ghost Lander: A private lunar lander developed by Firefly Aerospace.
- Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS): NASA’s initiative to partner with private firms for Moon exploration.
- Mare Crisium: A lunar basin on the Moon’s near side, formed by ancient volcanic activity.
- Artemis Program: NASA’s project to send humans back to the Moon and prepare for Mars exploration.
- In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU): The concept of using Moon’s resources (like water ice) for fuel production.
Mains Pointers
Significance of Private Moon Missions
- Cost Reduction in Space Exploration: Private firms can build and launch landers at a lower cost than government agencies.
- Technological Innovations: Advances in robotics, AI-driven navigation, and lunar resource extraction.
- Boost to Space Economy: Space tourism, asteroid mining, and lunar resource commercialization can emerge as new industries.
- International Collaboration: Encourages global space partnerships beyond traditional agencies like NASA, ESA, ISRO, and Roscosmos.
Challenges in Private Lunar Missions
- Technical Risks: Landing on the Moon requires precision navigation, and even minor errors can lead to mission failures.
- High Development Costs: Private firms still rely on government contracts for funding sustainability.
- Space Debris and Environmental Impact: Increasing lunar missions raise concerns about space junk and long-term sustainability.
- Legal and Regulatory Uncertainty: The Outer Space Treaty (1967) prohibits national appropriation of celestial bodies, raising questions about private ownership of lunar resources.
Government Initiatives Supporting Space Commercialization
- NASA’s Artemis Accords: A framework for international cooperation on lunar exploration.
- ISRO’s Public-Private Partnerships: India’s IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center) promotes private sector entry into space.
- Lunar Gateway Project: A planned space station orbiting the Moon, supporting long-duration lunar missions.
Way Forward
- Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between government agencies and space startups can accelerate lunar exploration.
- Developing Sustainable Moon Missions: Focus on recycling, in-situ fuel production, and responsible space exploration.
- Establishing Lunar Governance Frameworks: International space laws must define resource-sharing policies to prevent conflicts over Moon resources.
- Enhancing Space Infrastructure: Investments in space transportation, lunar habitats, and power generation will support future missions.
Conclusion
The success of Blue Ghost demonstrates that private companies are now key players in space exploration. As humanity moves toward long-term Moon colonization and Mars missions, public-private collaboration, technological advancements, and sustainable policies will shape the future of lunar exploration and beyond.
Topic 2: Security Concerns Along India’s Chicken’s Neck Corridor
GS Paper 2 & 3: Internal Security, Border Management
Introduction
The Chicken’s Neck Corridor (also known as the Siliguri Corridor) is a narrow stretch of land in West Bengal, connecting the Northeast to the rest of India. It has strategic importance as it is bordered by China, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Recent reports highlight increasing security threats, including Chinese military activities in Tibet, insurgent movements, and vulnerabilities in transportation infrastructure.
Key Points
- Geographical Importance:
- The corridor is only 22 km wide at its narrowest point.
- It connects Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and the rest of the Northeast to mainland India.
- Any disruption could cut off the entire Northeast from India.
- Security Threats:
- China’s Influence: Increased PLA (People’s Liberation Army) military exercises near Doklam, posing a direct threat to Sikkim and Bhutan.
- Cross-Border Insurgency: Groups like ULFA-I, NSCN-K, and Bodo insurgents use the corridor for illegal activities.
- Illegal Migration: Unchecked movement from Bangladesh into Assam and West Bengal.
- Smuggling and Drug Trade: Narcotics and arms smuggling routes operate through the corridor, linked to Myanmar.
- Infrastructure Challenges:
- Limited rail and road connectivity makes the region vulnerable to disruptions.
- Teesta River floods frequently damage roads and bridges, impacting movement.
- The absence of military bases near the corridor weakens India’s rapid response capability.
Prelims Pointers
- Siliguri Corridor (Chicken’s Neck): A 22 km wide strategic land passage connecting Northeast India to the rest of the country.
- Doklam Plateau: A disputed region between China and Bhutan, crucial for India’s defense.
- Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Project: A route linking India’s Northeast to Myanmar through the Bay of Bengal.
- Border Security Forces (BSF & SSB): The BSF patrols the Bangladesh border, while the SSB secures Nepal and Bhutan borders.
- Act East Policy: India’s strategy to enhance connectivity with Southeast Asia via the Northeast.
Mains Pointers
Strategic Importance of the Siliguri Corridor
- Defense & National Security: Any attack or blockade in the corridor could isolate the Northeast from mainland India.
- Economic Connectivity: The corridor is vital for trade and movement between the Northeast and the rest of India.
- Geopolitical Importance: The region lies near China, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh—making it a hotspot for international border security.
- Infrastructure & Development: Strengthening road, rail, and air links will ensure better civilian and military logistics.
Major Challenges in Securing the Corridor
- Chinese Military Expansion: China is rapidly developing infrastructure in Tibet and Doklam, increasing security risks.
- Insurgency & Smuggling: Northeastern insurgent groups use the corridor for illegal weapons, drugs, and human trafficking.
- Natural Disasters: Frequent landslides and floods disrupt road and railway networks.
- Limited Military Presence: Lack of airbases and rapid deployment units near the corridor.
Government Initiatives for Security & Development
- Border Roads Organization (BRO): Expanding highways, tunnels, and bridges for better military access.
- Sela Tunnel & Char Dham Project: All-weather roads and tunnels to connect sensitive border regions.
- Kaladan & India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway: Reducing reliance on the Siliguri Corridor by opening alternative trade routes.
- Smart Border Management: Use of drones, satellite surveillance, and biometric border control to track illegal movement.
Way Forward
- Strengthening Military Presence: Establishing permanent military bases and air defense units near the corridor.
- Developing Alternative Connectivity: Upgrading Northeast-Bangladesh transport corridors to reduce dependence on Siliguri.
- Diplomatic Engagement with Bhutan & Nepal: Securing buffer zones to prevent Chinese encroachments in Doklam.
- Economic Development & Employment: Reducing insurgency by promoting industrial and agricultural growth in border districts.
Conclusion
The Siliguri Corridor is India’s most vulnerable strategic chokepoint, requiring urgent attention in infrastructure development, military deployment, and diplomatic engagements. A multi-pronged approach, combining defense preparedness, economic integration, and regional cooperation, is essential to secure the Northeast and maintain national security.
Topic 3: Tea Industry Crisis Due to EU Pesticide Regulations
GS Paper 3: Economy, Agriculture, Trade
Introduction
Assam’s tea industry, which contributes over 50% of India’s total tea production, is facing a major crisis due to new European Union (EU) pesticide regulations. The EU’s revised Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for pesticides has raised concerns over export viability, income losses for tea planters, and challenges for small tea growers. With 40 million kg of tea exported to the EU annually, Assam’s economy is at risk unless sustainable farming practices are adopted.
Key Points
- New EU Pesticide Norms: The EU has lowered the acceptable limit for three key pesticides, including Thiacloprid, used in Assam’s tea plantations.
- Impact on Exports: Tea exports to the EU and UK could drop by 30-40% due to stricter compliance requirements.
- Competition from Other Countries:
- African nations like Kenya and Rwanda have gained market share as they use fewer chemical pesticides.
- Sri Lanka and Vietnam have adopted organic tea farming to comply with EU norms.
- Economic Impact:
- Assam’s tea industry employs nearly 10 lakh workers, many of whom are at risk of job losses.
- Tea prices in the domestic market may fall due to excess unsold stock.
- Pest Management Issues: Farmers rely on chemical pesticides due to high humidity and frequent pest outbreaks in Assam’s tea estates.
Prelims Pointers
- Maximum Residue Limit (MRL): The highest level of pesticide residue legally allowed in food and beverages.
- Thiacloprid: A pesticide banned by the EU due to its environmental impact.
- Tea Board of India: A regulatory body overseeing tea production, trade, and exports.
- Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: Assam Tea has a GI Tag, signifying its unique quality and origin.
- Fair Trade Certification: An international standard ensuring sustainable and ethical agricultural practices.
Mains Pointers
Significance of the Tea Industry for Assam
- Economic Backbone: Assam produces more than 600 million kg of tea annually, contributing significantly to India’s export revenue.
- Employment Generation: The industry supports 10 lakh direct and indirect workers, mainly in rural areas.
- Foreign Exchange Earnings: Tea exports generate valuable forex reserves for India.
- Cultural and Social Importance: Assam’s tea industry is deeply linked to tribal communities and plantation workers’ livelihoods.
Challenges Facing the Industry
- Stringent EU Regulations: The EU’s lower MRL limits require costly alternative pest control methods.
- High Production Costs: Organic and bio-friendly alternatives are expensive for small tea growers.
- Low Domestic Demand for Premium Tea: Indian consumers mostly prefer low-cost CTC tea, limiting high-quality exports.
- Climate Change Impact: Irregular rainfall, rising temperatures, and pest outbreaks reduce productivity.
Government Initiatives to Support the Tea Industry
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Promotes organic farming practices.
- Tea Board of India’s Pesticide Awareness Program: Educates farmers on sustainable pest management.
- Subsidies for Organic Certification: The government provides financial support for organic conversion.
- Negotiations with the EU: India is discussing a longer transition period to adopt new farming practices.
Way Forward
- Adopting Bio-Pesticides: Encourage the use of neem-based and microbial pesticides to meet EU standards.
- Organic Certification for Assam Tea: Expand certified organic farms to access premium markets.
- Strengthening Domestic Consumption: Promote high-quality Assam orthodox tea among Indian consumers.
- Diversification & Value Addition: Encourage tea-based beverages and health drinks to expand markets.
- Trade Diplomacy with the EU: Push for gradual implementation of regulations to prevent export losses.
Conclusion
The EU pesticide regulations pose a serious challenge to Assam’s tea industry, but they also present an opportunity to transition toward sustainable, organic, and high-value tea production. With government support, research on bio-friendly alternatives, and trade negotiations, Assam can maintain its global competitiveness while ensuring economic stability for its tea workers.
Topic 4: Israel Cuts Off Aid to Gaza Amid Ceasefire Negotiations
GS Paper 2: International Relations, Middle East Conflict
Introduction
The ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict has escalated further as Israel has halted humanitarian aid to Gaza, citing security concerns. This decision comes amid ceasefire negotiations brokered by the United States, Egypt, and Qatar, aimed at de-escalating the conflict and addressing humanitarian needs. The move has drawn international criticism, with concerns over civilian casualties, worsening humanitarian conditions, and regional instability.
Key Points
- Reason for Aid Cutoff: Israel claims that aid convoys were being intercepted by Hamas, strengthening militant groups instead of reaching civilians.
- Humanitarian Crisis: Over 2.2 million people in Gaza face food shortages, lack of medical supplies, and deteriorating infrastructure.
- Ceasefire Talks:
- Mediated by the US, Egypt, and Qatar.
- Focused on a temporary truce, release of hostages, and establishment of a humanitarian corridor.
- Global Reactions:
- United Nations and EU: Condemned Israel’s decision, calling for unrestricted humanitarian access.
- US & Egypt: Pressuring Israel to resume aid deliveries to prevent further civilian suffering.
- Arab League: Urged international intervention, warning of rising anti-Israel sentiment in the region.
Prelims Pointers
- Gaza Strip: A Palestinian territory controlled by Hamas since 2007.
- Hamas: A Palestinian militant group classified as a terrorist organization by Israel, the US, and the EU.
- Oslo Accords (1993 & 1995): A peace agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
- Two-State Solution: A proposed solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict, calling for an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel.
- Geneva Conventions: International laws governing humanitarian treatment during conflicts.
Mains Pointers
Geopolitical Impact of Israel’s Decision
- Humanitarian Concerns: The blockade exacerbates food, water, and medical shortages, affecting innocent civilians.
- Rising Tensions in the Middle East: Arab nations like Iran and Lebanon may increase support for Palestinian groups, escalating conflicts.
- US-Israel Relations: The US, a key ally of Israel, faces pressure to balance strategic interests with humanitarian concerns.
- Global Energy Security: Instability in the Middle East could impact oil prices, affecting global markets.
Challenges in Ceasefire Negotiations
- Lack of Trust: Israel fears Hamas will use a ceasefire to regroup and rearm.
- Hostage Crisis: Hamas still holds Israeli and foreign hostages, complicating negotiations.
- Geopolitical Interference: Countries like Iran and Turkey support Hamas, while the US backs Israel, leading to a proxy war scenario.
- Failure of Past Peace Deals: Previous agreements, like the Oslo Accords, collapsed due to non-compliance and security concerns.
India’s Stand on the Israel-Palestine Conflict
- Historical Support for Palestine: India recognized Palestine as a state in 1988 and continues to support the two-state solution.
- Growing Ties with Israel: India has strong defense and technology collaborations with Israel, including counter-terrorism efforts.
- Balanced Approach: India advocates for peaceful resolution while condemning terrorist activities by groups like Hamas.
Way Forward
- Resuming Humanitarian Aid: Establish UN-monitored aid corridors to ensure fair distribution.
- Diplomatic Engagement: Strengthen US-led mediation efforts for a lasting ceasefire.
- Regional Stability Measures: Increase Arab-Israeli cooperation through agreements like the Abraham Accords.
- Revisiting the Two-State Solution: Renewed international efforts are needed to address Palestinian statehood aspirations.
Conclusion The Israel-Gaza crisis highlights the complexities of war, humanitarian needs, and global diplomacy. The international community must push for a balanced resolution, ensuring civilian safety, security guarantees for Israel, and long-term peace efforts. Without effective intervention, the conflict could escalate, further destabilizing the Middle East.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
Topic 1: Private Moon Lander “Blue Ghost” and the Future of Lunar Exploration
Question 1
Which of the following statements regarding the Blue Ghost lunar lander is/are correct?
- It is a private lunar lander developed by Firefly Aerospace.
- The mission is part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.
- The lander is designed to transport astronauts to the Moon as part of the Artemis Program.
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
✅ Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: Blue Ghost is a private lunar lander built by Firefly Aerospace.
- Statement 2 is correct: It is part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, which funds private missions to deliver science payloads to the Moon.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: Blue Ghost is not a human-rated lander; it carries scientific instruments, not astronauts.
Question 2
What is the significance of the Lagrange Point 1 (L1) in space missions?
a) It provides a stable gravitational point between the Earth and the Moon.
b) It allows uninterrupted observation of the Sun without interference.
c) It is the best location for deep-space communication satellites.
d) It is used for geostationary satellites orbiting Earth.
✅ Answer: b) It allows uninterrupted observation of the Sun without interference.
Explanation:
- L1 is a point where the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Sun balance, allowing spacecraft to stay in a fixed position relative to the Earth and Sun.
- Aditya-L1, India’s solar mission, is positioned here for continuous solar observations.
- It is not related to geostationary orbits (which are located at 35,786 km above Earth’s equator).
Topic 2: Security Concerns Along India’s Chicken’s Neck Corridor
Question 3
The Chicken’s Neck Corridor, often seen in the news, is located in:
a) Jammu and Kashmir
b) Arunachal Pradesh
c) West Bengal
d) Sikkim
✅ Answer: c) West Bengal
Explanation:
- The Siliguri Corridor, also called Chicken’s Neck, is a narrow land passage (22 km wide) in West Bengal that connects Northeast India to the rest of the country.
- It is a strategic chokepoint, making it vulnerable to Chinese military threats and insurgency movements.
Question 4
Which of the following countries share a border near India’s Siliguri Corridor?
- China
- Nepal
- Bhutan
- Bangladesh
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 2, 3, and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
✅ Answer: d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Explanation:
- Nepal lies northwest, Bhutan to the north, Bangladesh to the south, and China (Tibet) is northeast of the corridor.
- Any conflict in this region can isolate the entire Northeast from India.
Topic 3: Tea Industry Crisis Due to EU Pesticide Regulations
Question 5
With reference to EU’s Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) regulations, consider the following statements:
- MRL refers to the highest level of pesticide residue legally permitted in food products.
- The European Union’s MRL standards are among the strictest globally.
- India’s Food Safety and Standards Authority (FSSAI) follows the same pesticide residue limits as the EU.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
✅ Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: MRL is the legal limit of pesticide residue allowed in food exports.
- Statement 2 is correct: The EU has some of the world’s strictest pesticide regulations, affecting exports from India, Sri Lanka, and Kenya.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: India’s FSSAI follows its own standards, which differ from the EU’s stricter regulations.
Question 6
Which of the following measures can help Assam’s tea industry comply with EU pesticide norms?
- Shifting to organic tea cultivation.
- Using bio-pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
- Strengthening India’s trade negotiations with the EU.
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
✅ Answer: d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation:
- Organic farming and bio-pesticides reduce chemical residues, making tea compliant with EU standards.
- Diplomatic trade negotiations can secure longer transition periods for Indian farmers to adopt new practices.
Topic 4: Israel Cuts Off Aid to Gaza Amid Ceasefire Negotiations
Question 7
Which of the following countries are directly involved in ceasefire negotiations between Israel and Hamas?
a) Iran, China, and Russia
b) United States, Egypt, and Qatar
c) Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Turkey
d) United Nations, France, and Japan
✅ Answer: b) United States, Egypt, and Qatar
Explanation:
- The US, Egypt, and Qatar are leading diplomatic efforts to broker a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas.
- Iran supports Hamas but is not involved in peace talks.
- Saudi Arabia and UAE are regional players, but not directly mediating.
Question 8
Which of the following international agreements aimed to establish peace between Israel and Palestine?
- Oslo Accords
- Camp David Accords
- Abraham Accords
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
✅ Answer: d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation:
- Oslo Accords (1993 & 1995): Attempted to establish a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine.
- Camp David Accords (1978): Brokered peace between Israel and Egypt, marking the first Arab-Israeli peace deal.
Abraham Accords (2020): Normalized relations between Israel and Arab nations like UAE and Bahrain, but did not resolve the Palestine issue.
APSC Mains Practice Question
Mains Question
“The Siliguri Corridor, or the Chicken’s Neck, is India’s most strategically vulnerable region. Analyze the security challenges it faces and suggest measures to enhance India’s preparedness in the region.” (GS Paper 3: Internal Security, Border Management)
Model Answer
Introduction
The Siliguri Corridor, commonly known as Chicken’s Neck, is a 22 km wide narrow strip of land in West Bengal that connects mainland India to the Northeast. Due to its geopolitical location, it is highly vulnerable to external aggression, insurgency, illegal migration, and infrastructure challenges. Recent Chinese military activities near Doklam and increasing insurgency in the Northeast have heightened security concerns.
Security Challenges Facing the Siliguri Corridor
1. Chinese Military Threat and Border Tensions
- The Doklam Plateau, adjacent to the Siliguri Corridor, has witnessed Chinese incursions.
- China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Nepal and Bhutan poses a strategic challenge to India.
- Any Chinese military advancement in Doklam could cut off the Northeast from the rest of India.
2. Cross-Border Insurgency and Smuggling
- Insurgent groups like ULFA-I, NSCN-K, and Bodo militants use the region for arms trafficking.
- Smuggling of drugs, gold, and counterfeit currency from Myanmar and Bangladesh.
- The Bangladesh border remains porous, leading to illegal infiltration.
3. Infrastructure Gaps and Poor Connectivity
- The corridor relies heavily on NH-27 (formerly NH-31), which gets disrupted by floods and landslides.
- Limited railway and air connectivity to Northeast India affects military mobilization.
- Lack of alternate routes to bypass the corridor during emergencies.
4. Demographic and Political Challenges
- Illegal migration from Bangladesh has altered local demography, leading to ethnic tensions.
- Political instability in neighboring Nepal and Bhutan adds to security risks.
Measures to Enhance India’s Preparedness in the Region
1. Strengthening Border Security and Surveillance
- Deployment of additional Assam Rifles and ITBP personnel in the region.
- Smart fencing along the India-Bangladesh border to prevent infiltration.
- Increased use of drones, satellite surveillance, and electronic sensors.
2. Enhancing Military Readiness
- Establishment of new airbases and forward military stations near the corridor.
- Fast-tracking the development of the Sela Tunnel and alternative roads.
- Joint military exercises with Bhutan and Nepal to secure the northern front.
3. Boosting Infrastructure and Alternate Connectivity Routes
- Strengthen Northeast-Bangladesh trade corridors as alternative supply routes.
- Completion of Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Project to connect the Northeast via Myanmar.
- Expansion of rail links between Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Tripura.
4. Diplomatic Engagement with Bhutan and Nepal
- Securing border agreements with Bhutan to prevent Chinese encroachments in Doklam.
- Strengthening economic ties with Nepal to counter China’s influence.
5. Socio-Economic Development and Counter-Insurgency Measures
- Creating Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in North Bengal to provide employment and reduce insurgency recruitment.
- Integrating rehabilitated insurgents into mainstream society through skill programs.
- Encouraging Northeast tourism and cultural exchange to strengthen national integration.
Conclusion
The Siliguri Corridor is India’s most critical strategic chokepoint, requiring multi-dimensional security measures, infrastructure upgrades, and diplomatic engagement. Strengthening military presence, securing borders, and developing alternative connectivity routes will ensure the corridor remains well-defended and operationally resilient in times of crisis..
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