APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (01/03/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (01-03-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
Topic 1: Kopili Fault Zone and Earthquake Vulnerability
GS Paper 1 & 3: Geography, Disaster Management
Introduction
The Kopili Fault Zone, a seismically active region in Assam, has been identified as highly vulnerable to major earthquakes. Recent research highlights that this 300-km-long fault zone could generate an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 or higher in the near future. The fault has been responsible for multiple large earthquakes in the past, raising concerns about disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.
Key Points
- Seismic Activity: The Kopili Fault Zone has witnessed 11 significant earthquakes (Magnitude 5.0–6.7) between 1984-2019.
- Recent Earthquake: A magnitude 5.0 earthquake struck near this fault on February 27, 2025, close to the 2021 Sonitpur earthquake epicenter (Magnitude 6.4).
- Geological Importance: This fault lies between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, making it prone to frequent seismic activity.
- Historical Events: Major past earthquakes include Cachar (1869, M7.0) and Mikir Hills (1943, M7.0).
- Hazard Risk: The region is at risk of landslides, ground fractures, and liquefaction during major tremors.
Prelims Pointers
- Kopili Fault Zone: A 300-km-long seismic fault running through Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
- Seismic Hazard Map: Assam falls in Seismic Zone V (highest earthquake-prone category in India).
- Liquefaction: Process where water-saturated soil loses its strength due to earthquake shaking.
- Strike-Slip Faulting: A type of fault movement where tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.
- Sonitpur Earthquake 2021: A magnitude 6.4 earthquake that caused significant structural damage in Assam.
Mains Pointers
Significance of the Kopili Fault Zone Study
- Disaster Preparedness: Understanding seismic trends can help in early warning systems and emergency planning.
- Infrastructure Planning: Reinforcing buildings, bridges, and dams to withstand seismic shocks.
- Risk to Major Cities: Guwahati and Tezpur are at high risk due to their proximity to the fault.
Challenges in Seismic Risk Management
- Unplanned Urbanization: High population density and lack of earthquake-resistant buildings increase vulnerability.
- Weak Disaster Response Infrastructure: Limited seismic monitoring stations and emergency shelters.
- Lack of Public Awareness: Many communities remain unaware of safety measures during earthquakes.
Government Initiatives for Earthquake Preparedness
- National Seismic Risk Mitigation Programme (NSRMP) – Strengthening public infrastructure against earthquakes.
- Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Building Codes – Mandating earthquake-resistant construction in high-risk zones.
- State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) in Assam – Specialized teams for earthquake rescue operations.
- Early Warning Systems Collaboration with ISRO – Using satellites to monitor seismic activity.
Way Forward
- Strict Implementation of Building Codes: Ensure all new constructions comply with earthquake-resistant norms.
- Seismic Microzonation Studies: Mapping high-risk zones for better land-use planning.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct earthquake drills and training for citizens.
- Strengthening Disaster Response Teams: Increase funding and equipment for SDRF and NDRF units in the region.
Conclusion
The high seismic activity in the Kopili Fault Zone demands urgent attention to earthquake preparedness. By integrating scientific research, infrastructure resilience, and public awareness, Assam can mitigate the risks of a future major earthquake, ensuring safety and economic stability in the region.
Topic 2: Aditya-L1 and Solar Flare Observations
GS Paper 3: Science & Technology, Space Research
Introduction
India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1, has captured detailed images of a powerful X6.3-class solar flare, providing new insights into the Sun’s explosive activities. The observations from the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) onboard Aditya-L1 mark a significant advancement in India’s space-based solar research.
Key Points
- Solar Flares: Intense bursts of radiation from the Sun’s surface, capable of affecting Earth’s space environment.
- Aditya-L1 Observations: Captured an X6.3-class flare on February 22, 2025, one of the most powerful solar eruptions.
- Significance of SUIT Instrument: Provides ultraviolet (UV) images of the Sun, revealing previously undetected bright kernels in the solar atmosphere.
- Space Weather Impact: Solar flares can disrupt radio communication, GPS systems, and power grids on Earth.
- Lagrange Point 1 (L1) Orbit: The spacecraft is positioned 1.5 million km from Earth, ensuring continuous observation of the Sun without interference.
Prelims Pointers
- Aditya-L1 Mission: India’s first dedicated solar observatory launched by ISRO on September 2, 2023.
- Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT): A key instrument studying the Sun’s lower atmosphere.
- X-Class Solar Flare: The most intense category of solar flares; can cause geomagnetic storms on Earth.
- Lagrange Point (L1): A stable point between the Earth and Sun where gravitational forces allow uninterrupted solar observation.
- Geomagnetic Storm: A disturbance in Earth’s magnetosphere caused by solar activity, affecting satellites and communication systems.
Mains Pointers
Importance of Aditya-L1 for Space Research
- Understanding Solar Activity: Helps predict solar storms that can disrupt Earth’s technology and satellites.
- Advancing Space Weather Forecasting: Data aids in early warnings for geomagnetic storms.
- Strengthening India’s Space Capabilities: Positions ISRO as a global player in solar research.
Challenges in Solar Observations
- High-Temperature Conditions: Instruments must withstand extreme heat near the Sun.
- Data Transmission Delay: Real-time monitoring is difficult due to the distance of 1.5 million km.
- International Competition: NASA’s Parker Solar Probe and ESA’s Solar Orbiter are also studying the Sun, requiring India to maintain scientific leadership.
Government Initiatives Supporting Space Research
- Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe): Encourages private sector participation in space technology.
- Gaganyaan Mission: India’s upcoming human spaceflight program, benefiting from solar radiation research.
- International Collaborations: Cooperation with NASA and ESA on space weather studies.
Way Forward
- Expanding Space Weather Research: Establish more ground-based observatories to complement satellite data.
- Developing AI-Based Prediction Models: Use machine learning for accurate space weather forecasting.
- Strengthening International Partnerships: Collaborate on future missions like Aditya-L2 for deeper solar exploration.
Conclusion
Aditya-L1’s success in observing solar flares strengthens India’s position in space research. By further investing in space weather forecasting, scientific innovation, and global partnerships, India can play a crucial role in understanding the Sun’s impact on Earth’s environment and technology.
Topic 3: India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Its Implications
GS Paper 2 & 3: International Relations, Trade & Economy
Introduction
India and the European Union (EU) have agreed to conclude a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) by the end of 2025. This move aims to strengthen bilateral trade, investment, and strategic cooperation between India and the 27-nation bloc. Given recent global trade tensions and shifting geopolitical dynamics, the FTA could significantly impact India’s exports, manufacturing sector, and foreign policy.
Key Points
- Strategic Importance: The FTA is expected to boost bilateral trade, reduce tariffs, and enhance market access.
- India’s Exports to the EU: Currently, the EU is India’s third-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade of €120 billion in 2023.
- Tariff Reduction on Key Goods:
- Automobiles, Pharmaceuticals, and Textiles to gain preferential market access.
- Agricultural Goods: EU demands tariff reductions on wine and dairy products.
- Impact of Global Trade Dynamics:
- Rising concerns over the Indo-Pacific security landscape and China’s growing economic influence.
- The EU seeks to diversify supply chains, reducing dependence on China.
- Digital Trade & Data Protection: A major discussion point, with India resisting stricter EU data privacy laws.
Prelims Pointers
- India-EU FTA: A proposed trade deal aimed at strengthening economic ties between India and the EU.
- Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): A scheme under which Indian exports to the EU get tariff concessions.
- Non-Tariff Barriers: Trade restrictions like quality standards, certification requirements, and sustainability norms.
- Rules of Origin: Guidelines determining the nationality of a product for trade benefits.
Mains Pointers
Significance of the India-EU FTA
- Boost to Indian Exports: Improved access for textiles, gems, pharmaceuticals, and IT services in the European market.
- Investment Growth: Enhanced European FDI in India, particularly in manufacturing and clean energy.
- Technology and R&D Collaboration: EU expertise in AI, digital infrastructure, and sustainable development could benefit India.
- Strengthening Indo-Pacific Strategy: The EU’s security and defense cooperation with India could counterbalance China’s influence.
Challenges in the FTA Negotiation
- Tariff Reduction Issues: India is cautious about reducing import duties on European goods like automobiles and wines.
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): The EU demands stricter patent laws and pharmaceutical regulations.
- Sustainability & Labor Standards: The EU insists on carbon tax policies and labor rights enforcement, which could impact Indian industries.
- Data Privacy Laws: EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) vs. India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA).
Government Initiatives to Boost India-EU Trade
- Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat: Encouraging domestic manufacturing to compete with European imports.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Providing subsidies in key sectors like electronics, semiconductors, and pharmaceuticals.
- Infrastructure Development: Enhancing ports, roads, and trade corridors to support seamless exports.
Way Forward
- Balancing Market Access with Domestic Industry Protection: Ensure FTA benefits without harming local industries.
- Digital Trade Agreements: Aligning India’s data policies with global best practices while protecting digital sovereignty.
- Strengthening Negotiation Strategies: Ensuring India’s interests in pharmaceuticals, textiles, and IT services are well-represented.
- Enhancing Trade Facilitation: Reducing bureaucratic hurdles and improving customs efficiency.
Conclusion
The India-EU FTA presents a unique opportunity to deepen economic and strategic ties. While challenges remain, a well-negotiated agreement can boost India’s exports, attract investments, and enhance technological collaboration, positioning India as a global trade leader.
Topic 4: Security Situation in Manipur and the Role of the MHA
GS Paper 3: Internal Security & Governance
Introduction
The Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently chaired a high-level meeting to review the security situation in Manipur following the imposition of President’s Rule in the state. The discussion focused on ethnic violence, insurgency, and the surrender of arms by village volunteers. The government aims to stabilize the region through peace talks, counter-insurgency operations, and developmental initiatives.
Key Points
- Background of the Crisis: Ethnic clashes between Meitei and Kuki-Zomi groups led to large-scale violence in 2023-24.
- Imposition of President’s Rule: The central government took direct control to restore normalcy.
- Militant Attacks: Fresh incidents, including a recent attack on a Meitei religious site in Imphal East, have raised concerns.
- Surrender of Firearms: Several village volunteers and insurgent groups have surrendered arms under government amnesty programs.
- Border Security Issues: Increased infiltration from Myanmar due to ongoing political instability there.
Prelims Pointers
- President’s Rule (Article 356): Allows central government intervention in a state due to governance failure.
- AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act): Grants security forces special powers in disturbed areas.
- Naga Framework Agreement (2015): A peace deal between the Government of India and the NSCN-IM insurgent group.
- Manipur’s Ethnic Demography:
- Meitei (53%) – Mostly in Imphal Valley.
- Nagas and Kukis (40%) – Predominantly in hill districts.
Mains Pointers
Significance of Security Stability in Manipur
- National Security: Manipur is strategically located near the India-Myanmar border, making it crucial for border security.
- Impact on Act East Policy: Continued violence hampers trade and connectivity with Southeast Asian nations.
- Humanitarian Concerns: Thousands of people remain displaced due to ethnic violence.
- Economic Consequences: Insurgency disrupts business, tourism, and infrastructure projects.
Challenges in Maintaining Security
- Ethnic Tensions: The deep-rooted conflict between Meitei and Kuki groups continues.
- Militant Activities: Presence of armed insurgent groups like NSCN-IM, UNLF, PLA, and KNA.
- Cross-Border Infiltration: Unrest in Myanmar is leading to illegal migration and arms smuggling.
- Trust Deficit in Government Forces: Allegations of bias in security operations have led to public protests.
Government Initiatives to Address the Crisis
- Deployment of Central Forces: Additional Assam Rifles and CAPF personnel deployed in violence-prone areas.
- Peace Talks with Insurgent Groups: Ongoing negotiations with NSCN factions and Kuki insurgents.
- Development Programs:
- Northeast Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS) – Improving connectivity and public services.
- Skill Development for Youth: Reducing insurgency recruitment by providing economic alternatives.
- Border Management Measures: Strengthening surveillance along the India-Myanmar border.
Way Forward
- Ethnic Reconciliation: Encourage dialogue between Meitei and Kuki leaders.
- Long-Term Political Solution: Revise autonomy arrangements for tribal communities.
- Counter-Insurgency Strategy: Strengthen intelligence networks to prevent attacks.
- Economic Integration: Promote employment opportunities through special economic zones (SEZs) and industrial hubs.
Conclusion Restoring peace in Manipur is essential for the region’s stability and India’s geopolitical interests. A combination of security measures, developmental programs, and political dialogue is necessary to address the crisis effectively. The government must ensure inclusive governance and community participation to prevent further unrest.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
Topic 1: Kopili Fault Zone and Earthquake Vulnerability
Question 1
Which of the following statements regarding the Kopili Fault Zone is/are correct?
- It is a seismically active zone located in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
- It lies near the boundary of the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate, making it prone to frequent earthquakes.
- The Kopili Fault Zone has never witnessed an earthquake greater than Magnitude 6.0.
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: The Kopili Fault Zone extends across Assam and Arunachal Pradesh and is a major seismically active zone.
- Statement 2 is correct: It lies near the Indian-Eurasian Plate boundary, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The region has experienced earthquakes of magnitude above 7.0, including the 1869 Cachar (M7.5) and 1943 Mikir Hills (M7.0) earthquakes.
Question 2
Consider the following terms:
- Liquefaction
- Strike-slip faulting
- Seismic Microzonation
Which of the above are associated with earthquake-prone regions?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation:
- Liquefaction (1): During strong earthquakes, water-saturated soil loses strength, leading to building collapses.
- Strike-slip faulting (2): Occurs when tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally. The Kopili Fault exhibits this behavior.
- Seismic Microzonation (3): A process to divide an area into zones based on earthquake risk—critical for urban planning in Assam.
Topic 2: Aditya-L1 and Solar Flare Observations
Question 3
Why was Lagrange Point 1 (L1) chosen as the location for Aditya-L1?
a) It provides continuous, uninterrupted observation of the Sun.
b) It is the closest stable point to the Sun.
c) It allows the spacecraft to avoid Earth’s gravity completely.
d) It ensures real-time data transmission to ISRO.
Answer: a) It provides continuous, uninterrupted observation of the Sun.
Explanation:
- Lagrange Point 1 (L1) is a stable position 1.5 million km from Earth, where gravitational forces of Earth and the Sun balance.
- It allows 24/7 solar observation without obstructions like Earth’s atmosphere or eclipses.
Question 4
With reference to solar flares, consider the following statements:
- X-class solar flares are the most powerful type of solar flare.
- Solar flares can disrupt GPS, radio signals, and power grids on Earth.
- The 11-year solar cycle determines the frequency and intensity of solar flares.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: X-class solar flares are the strongest, followed by M-class and C-class flares.
- Statement 2 is correct: Large flares can cause geomagnetic storms, affecting Earth’s radio communications, power grids, and satellites.
- Statement 3 is correct: The Sun undergoes an 11-year cycle, with periods of high and low solar activity.
Topic 3: India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Its Implications
Question 5
What are the likely benefits for India under the proposed India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?
- Greater market access for textiles, pharmaceuticals, and IT services.
- Increased European investments in India, particularly in green energy.
- Tariff-free access for Indian agricultural products to the EU.
Select the correct answer using the code below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: Indian textiles, pharmaceuticals, and IT services will gain preferential access in the EU market.
- Statement 2 is correct: The EU is focusing on green investments, particularly in renewable energy and sustainable manufacturing.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The EU has strict agricultural standards and does not allow tariff-free agricultural imports from India.
Question 6
Which of the following could be a major challenge for India in signing the India-EU FTA?
a) The EU’s demand for reducing import duties on automobiles and dairy products.
b) India’s insistence on data localization and digital sovereignty.
c) Compliance with EU’s carbon tax and labor laws.
d) All of the above.
Answer: d) All of the above.
Explanation:
- Automobile & Dairy Tariffs: The EU wants India to lower tariffs on European cars and dairy, which affects domestic industries.
- Data Privacy Laws: EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) conflicts with India’s data localization policies.
- Environmental & Labor Compliance: India faces challenges in meeting EU’s strict sustainability norms, including the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
Topic 4: Security Situation in Manipur and the Role of the MHA
Question 7
Which of the following laws allow the central government to impose President’s Rule in a state?
a) Article 352
b) Article 356
c) Article 365
d) Article 370
Answer: b) Article 356
Explanation:
- Article 356 allows the President to take direct control of a state if the constitutional machinery breaks down.
- It was recently applied in Manipur due to ethnic violence and governance failure.
Question 8
Which of the following forces is primarily responsible for counter-insurgency operations in Manipur?
a) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
b) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
c) Assam Rifles
d) Border Security Force (BSF)
Answer: c) Assam Rifles
Explanation:
Assam Rifles is responsible for counter-insurgency and border security operations in the Northeast, especially along the India-Myanmar border.
APSC Mains Practice Question
Mains Question
“The ongoing ethnic conflict and insurgency in Manipur highlight the complex interplay between governance, security, and ethnic identity. Analyze the causes of the conflict and suggest measures to ensure long-term peace and stability in the region.” (GS Paper 3: Internal Security & Governance)
Model Answer
Introduction
Manipur has witnessed recurring ethnic violence, particularly between the Meitei and Kuki-Zomi communities. The recent unrest, coupled with the presence of multiple insurgent groups, has necessitated direct intervention by the central government. The conflict stems from historical grievances, political representation issues, land rights disputes, and external influences from Myanmar-based insurgents.
Causes of the Conflict
1. Ethnic Tensions and Identity Politics
- The Meiteis (53%) demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, which the Kuki-Zomi groups (16%) oppose, fearing loss of tribal land rights.
- Ethnic nationalism and historical grievances fuel resentment between different groups.
2. Land and Resource Disputes
- Manipur’s hill-valley divide leads to conflicts over land ownership and administrative control.
- The Manipur Land Revenue & Land Reforms Act, 1960, prohibits valley residents (mainly Meiteis) from buying land in hill areas, increasing economic disparity.
3. Insurgency and Armed Groups
- Insurgent outfits such as NSCN-IM, UNLF, KNA, PLA operate in Manipur, often engaging in armed conflicts.
- Frequent cross-border movement of militants through Myanmar worsens security conditions.
4. Role of External Factors
- The political crisis in Myanmar (post-2021 coup) has led to increased illegal migration and arms trafficking, worsening violence.
- Alleged links between drug cartels and insurgent groups pose a major law enforcement challenge.
5. Governance and Political Challenges
- Delayed political response and mistrust in state security forces have exacerbated tensions.
- Frequent internet shutdowns and curfews affect public communication and transparency in governance.
Measures for Long-Term Peace and Stability
1. Inclusive Governance and Political Dialogue
- Initiate inter-community peace talks between Meitei and Kuki-Zomi leaders, with neutral mediators.
- Address grievances over political representation through autonomy measures or power-sharing models.
2. Strengthening Law and Order
- Deploy more neutral central forces (Assam Rifles, CRPF) instead of local police, who face allegations of bias.
- Implement fast-track courts for conflict-related cases to ensure justice.
3. Resolving the Insurgency Issue
- Expand the “Suspension of Operations (SoO) Agreements” with militant groups while ensuring strict compliance.
- Conduct rehabilitation programs for surrendered militants, offering skill development and employment.
4. Economic Development and Job Creation
- Promote Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and industrial investments to reduce unemployment.
- Develop infrastructure and connectivity to integrate hill and valley economies.
5. Enhancing Border Security
- Strengthen India-Myanmar border management by increasing surveillance and fencing key infiltration routes.
- Improve intelligence-sharing mechanisms with Myanmar to curb arms smuggling.
Conclusion
Manipur’s ethnic crisis is a multi-dimensional issue requiring a balanced approach of dialogue, security measures, and economic reforms. While short-term conflict resolution requires effective law enforcement and peace talks, long-term stability depends on inclusive development, political representation, and community engagement. The government must act swiftly to prevent further escalation and foster lasting peace in the region.
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