APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (06/09/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (06-09-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
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⚡ India–Bhutan Energy Cooperation: Hydropower & Cross-Border Electricity Trade
📘 GS Paper 2: International Relations – India & Neighbourhood | Energy Diplomacy
📘 GS Paper 3: Infrastructure, Energy Security
📘 GS Paper 5 (Assam): Regional Cooperation | North East Energy Security
🔹 Introduction
India and Bhutan share one of the most successful models of hydropower cooperation in South Asia, with Bhutan exporting surplus electricity to India since the 1980s. The latest discussions (Sept 2025) reaffirm both nations’ commitment to new hydropower projects and enhanced cross-border trade, positioning Bhutan as a “green power hub” and strengthening India’s energy transition strategy. filecite
🔑 Key Points (from Assam Tribune report)
Ongoing Projects: Tala, Chhukha, Kurichhu, Mangdechhu – already supplying ~75% of Bhutan’s electricity to India.
New Initiatives:
India to invest in Sankosh and Kuri-Gongri projects (under discussion).
Focus on joint ventures instead of inter-governmental projects for faster implementation.
Cross-Border Trade: Grid interconnections being strengthened for exporting power to Assam and other NE states.
Bhutan’s Goal: Increase export revenue and reduce dependence on imports.
India’s Strategic Interest: Clean energy imports aid in meeting renewable energy targets and stabilise NE power supply. filecite
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Chhukha Project (336 MW): First major Indo-Bhutan hydropower project (1988).
Mangdechhu (720 MW): Inaugurated in 2019; won Brunel Medal for excellence in civil engineering.
Electricity (Amendment) Rules, 2022: Allow cross-border trade under Central Electricity Authority oversight.
BBIN Framework (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal): Promotes energy connectivity in Eastern South Asia.
India’s Renewable Target: 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of Energy Cooperation
For Bhutan:
Hydropower = ~14% of GDP, 30% of govt revenue.
Provides employment and infrastructure.
For India:
Affordable, clean electricity to NE and eastern grid.
Enhances strategic ties with a key neighbour.
Supports Act East Policy by positioning NE as an energy hub.
Regional Stability: Energy trade strengthens South Asian connectivity (BBIN).
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Impact |
| Project Delays | Cost overruns due to geological challenges, financing gaps. |
| Environmental Concerns | Dam construction impacts riverine biodiversity (Brahmaputra sub-basin). |
| Debt Burden for Bhutan | Heavy reliance on loans from India/IFIs for projects. |
| Climate Risks | Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) threaten hydropower dams. |
| Geopolitical Sensitivity | China’s growing influence in Himalayas; energy seen as a strategic tool. |
C. Government Initiatives
India–Bhutan Agreement on Cooperation in Hydropower (2006, updated 2014): Targets 10,000 MW by 2030.
Cross-Border Power Trade Guidelines (2018): Framework for India-Bhutan-Nepal-Bangladesh trade.
Hydro projects financing model shift: From inter-governmental to JV-based to reduce delays.
NE Grid Expansion (North Eastern Region Power System Improvement Project): World Bank and ADB support.
D. Way Forward
Fast-Track Projects: Prioritise Sankosh and Kuri-Gongri with PPP/JV financing.
Sustainability: Integrate fish passes, ecological flow in dam design.
Diversification: Explore solar + hydro hybrids in Bhutan to mitigate seasonal variation.
Regional Integration: Promote BBIN electricity market with Bangladesh as buyer of surplus power.
Local Benefits: Ensure Assam & NE states get preferential access to imported clean energy.
Disaster-Resilient Infra: Climate-proof dams against GLOFs and seismic risks.
📊 Sources for Enrichment
Assam Tribune (06 Sept 2025) – coverage of India–Bhutan hydropower cooperation. filecite
MEA India–Bhutan Joint Statement (2019, 2021, 2024).
Brunel Medal Award (UK, 2020) – Mangdechhu project.
NITI Aayog Energy Vision 2030 Report.
World Bank Report (2023): Hydropower sustainability in Bhutan.
🧩 Conclusion
India–Bhutan hydropower cooperation is a win-win model of energy diplomacy—boosting Bhutan’s economy and advancing India’s clean energy goals. However, ensuring timely execution, ecological safeguards, and regional integration (BBIN) will be critical for making this partnership a pillar of South Asia’s green growth strategy.
🌲 Forest Cover Loss in Assam: Emerging Environmental Concerns
📘 GS Paper 1: Geography – Resources | Environmental Degradation
📘 GS Paper 3: Environment, Biodiversity & Climate Change
📘 GS Paper 5 (Assam): Regional Ecology, Forest & Wildlife Issues
🔹 Introduction
Assam, home to rich biodiversity including Kaziranga, Manas and Dehing Patkai, is witnessing an alarming decline in forest cover, as highlighted in recent environmental assessments (Sept 2025). Deforestation, illegal logging, and infrastructure expansion have emerged as pressing challenges, threatening the ecological balance of the state. filecite
🔑 Key Points (as per Assam Tribune report)
Deforestation Trends: Environmental groups flagged significant forest loss in Upper Assam and Bodoland regions.
Drivers of Loss:
Encroachment for settlements and agriculture.
Illegal timber extraction and coal mining.
Infrastructure projects (roads, oil pipelines, hydropower).
Biodiversity Risk: Habitat loss affecting elephants, hoolock gibbons, clouded leopards.
Climate Impact: Forest degradation increasing flood and erosion vulnerability in Brahmaputra basin.
Government Stand: Assam Govt pledged stricter monitoring through satellite mapping & joint forest patrols. filecite
🧠 Prelims Pointers
India State of Forest Report (ISFR 2021): Assam’s recorded forest area = ~35% of geographical area; noted a decline of ~220 sq km.
Dehing Patkai: Declared a National Park in 2021, often called “Amazon of the East”.
Elephant Corridors: Assam has >20 identified corridors, crucial for reducing human-elephant conflict.
CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management & Planning Authority): Mechanism for reforestation.
Important Acts: Indian Forest Act (1927), Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, amended 2022), Forest Conservation Act (1980, amended 2023).
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Assam’s Forests
Ecological Role: Maintain rainfall, prevent soil erosion, and act as carbon sinks.
Biodiversity: Part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot; home to >800 bird species, 200 mammal species.
Livelihoods: Source of NTFPs (non-timber forest products) for tea tribes, hill communities.
Cultural Value: Forests integral to tribal & ethnic communities (e.g., Bodos, Mishings).
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Impact |
| Encroachment & Agriculture | Expansion into reserved forests. |
| Illegal Logging/Mining | Loss of virgin forests, especially in Tinsukia & Karbi Anglong. |
| Development Projects | Roads, oil exploration, hydro dams fragment wildlife habitats. |
| Weak Enforcement | Lack of patrolling staff, corruption in forest department. |
| Climate Change | Increased vulnerability to floods, landslides, biodiversity stress. |
C. Government Initiatives
Assam Forest Policy 2023 – emphasizes community-based forest protection.
Kaziranga Landscape Mission: Eco-restoration around the national park.
Satellite Monitoring: ISRO–Assam Forest Dept tie-up for tracking deforestation.
Joint Forest Management (JFM): Community participation in conservation.
Compensatory Afforestation (CAMPA): Plantation drives in degraded land.
D. Way Forward
Strict Enforcement: Zero tolerance towards illegal timber and coal mining.
Community Role: Empower local tribal councils & women SHGs for forest protection.
Eco-Sensitive Development: Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) must be rigorously enforced.
Alternative Livelihoods: Promote eco-tourism, bamboo-based industries to reduce dependency.
Restoration Measures: Large-scale afforestation using native species; reclaim encroached forest land.
Integration with Climate Goals: Link Assam’s forest policies with India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.
📊 Sources for Enrichment
Assam Tribune (06 Sept 2025) – report on forest cover loss. filecite
India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021, 2023 updates.
Assam Forest Policy (2023).
WWF India reports on Brahmaputra landscape.
MoEFCC CAMPA guidelines.
🧩 Conclusion
The loss of forest cover in Assam is not just an ecological crisis but a socio-economic and climate challenge. Strengthening community-led conservation, enforcing sustainable development, and leveraging technology for monitoring can ensure that Assam preserves its status as the “green heart of the Northeast” while balancing development needs.
🍵 Tea Industry Crisis in Assam: Challenges and Way Forward
📘 GS Paper 1: Indian Culture (Tea & Plantation Heritage) | Economic Geography
📘 GS Paper 3: Indian Economy – Agriculture, Industry & Employment
📘 GS Paper 5 (Assam): Regional Economy | Tea Industry
🔹 Introduction
Assam, the world’s largest tea-producing region, contributes over 50% of India’s tea output. However, the tea industry—once the backbone of Assam’s economy—is facing a severe crisis marked by low auction prices, rising input costs, labour unrest, and global demand slowdown. The Assam Tribune (06 Sept 2025) highlights concerns of planters and workers over the industry’s sustainability. filecite
🔑 Key Points (as per Assam Tribune report)
Falling Prices: Tea auction prices in Guwahati and Kolkata at multi-year lows.
Rising Costs: Fertilisers, diesel, packaging, and labour wages have surged.
Export Slowdown: Demand in Europe & Middle East affected by global economic downturn.
Small Tea Growers: Over 1.2 lakh small growers in Assam face margin collapse.
Worker Distress: Wage issues in tea estates; protests in Dibrugarh and Jorhat.
Government Response: Assam Govt considering special relief package and pushing for tea diversification (organic, green, specialty teas). filecite
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Assam Tea: First introduced by British in 1830s; Assam Tea Act of 1839.
Geographical Indication (GI): “Assam Orthodox Tea” registered in 2007.
Small Tea Growers (STGs): Contribute ~50% of Assam’s tea production.
Global Rank: India = 2nd largest producer (after China).
Major Auction Centre: Guwahati Tea Auction Centre (GTAC).
Important Schemes: Tea Development & Promotion Scheme (TDPS), Plantation Labour Act (1951, amended 2010).
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Assam’s Tea Industry
Economic Backbone: Provides direct/indirect livelihood to >1 million workers.
Export Potential: Assam Tea exported to over 60 countries.
Cultural Identity: Integral to Assamese society, heritage & festivals.
Tourism Linkages: Tea estates contribute to eco-tourism and heritage tourism.
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Impact |
| Price Volatility | Tea prices stagnating despite rising production costs. |
| Rising Wages & Inputs | Increased minimum wages, high fertiliser/diesel costs. |
| Global Competition | Sri Lanka, Kenya, Vietnam offering cheaper exports. |
| Climate Change | Erratic rainfall, floods, pests reduce productivity. |
| Worker Welfare Issues | Poor housing, healthcare, malnutrition among workers. |
| Market Saturation | Overproduction leading to demand–supply mismatch. |
C. Govt Initiatives
Tea Development & Promotion Scheme (TDPS, 2017–22, extended): Support for replantation, branding.
Tea Board of India: R&D, quality certification, subsidy to STGs.
Assam Tea Tribes Welfare Dept: Education, health, skill development.
Export Promotion: Duty-free exports to CIS, West Asia.
GI Push: Branding of Assam Orthodox, Assam Green Tea.
D. Way Forward
Price Stabilisation Mechanism: Explore MSP-like model for tea.
Diversification: Promote green, organic, herbal, and specialty teas.
Export Strategy: Tap emerging markets (Africa, Southeast Asia).
Technology Integration: Precision farming, drip irrigation, pest management.
Worker-Centric Reform: Ensure housing, healthcare, nutrition schemes for tea workers.
Climate Adaptation: Develop flood-resilient and pest-resistant tea varieties in collaboration with Tocklai Tea Research Institute (Jorhat).
Value Addition: Encourage packaged & branded Assam tea instead of bulk exports.
📊 Sources for Enrichment
Assam Tribune (06 Sept 2025) – Tea industry crisis report. filecite
Tea Board of India Annual Report 2024.
Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat.
NITI Aayog (2023) Plantation Sector Report.
FAO Tea Outlook (2024): Global oversupply.
🧩 Conclusion
The crisis in Assam’s tea industry is both an economic and social concern, affecting lakhs of small growers and plantation workers. By focusing on diversification, branding, climate adaptation, and worker welfare, Assam can revitalise its tea economy while preserving its global reputation as the “land of the finest tea.”
🏥 AIIMS Guwahati Expansion: Strengthening Northeast Healthcare
📘 GS Paper 2: Governance | Health & Social Sector Development
📘 GS Paper 3: Inclusive Growth | Human Resource Development
📘 GS Paper 5 (Assam): State-Specific Healthcare & Public Policy
🔹 Introduction
The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Guwahati, inaugurated in 2022, has emerged as a premier healthcare hub for the Northeast. In Sept 2025, the Union Government announced a major expansion—adding new super-specialty departments, increased student intake, and advanced research facilities—to bridge regional healthcare disparities. filecite
🔑 Key Points (as per Assam Tribune report)
New Departments: Oncology, Cardiology, Neurosciences, Organ Transplant Units.
Student Intake Expansion: MBBS intake raised to 150 seats, nursing seats doubled.
Regional Role: To serve patients from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and Sikkim.
Research Boost: Dedicated Centre for Tribal & Lifestyle Diseases announced.
Government Goal: Make AIIMS Guwahati a “medical capital of the Northeast.”
Digital Health: Telemedicine units for remote consultations across hill states. filecite
🧠 Prelims Pointers
AIIMS Act, 1956: Governs AIIMS institutions in India.
PMSSY (Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana): Scheme under which new AIIMS are set up.
AIIMS Guwahati: Foundation stone laid in 2017; inaugurated by PM Modi in 2022.
Health Stats – NE:
Assam IMR (Infant Mortality Rate): 32 (NFHS-5, 2019-21).
Assam MMR (Maternal Mortality Ratio): 195 per lakh live births (SRS 2020) – among India’s highest.
Ayushman Bharat – Health & Wellness Centres: Focus on preventive + curative care.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of AIIMS Guwahati Expansion
Healthcare Access: Reduces dependence on Kolkata/Delhi for advanced treatment.
Medical Education: Creates a pool of doctors, nurses, specialists in NE.
Research Hub: Tackles unique regional issues (cancer linked to tobacco, lifestyle diseases, vector-borne diseases).
Equity in Healthcare: Addresses long-standing regional disparity.
Public Health Boost: Improves tertiary care referral system across NE.
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Explanation |
| Regional Inequality | Remote hill states still face access barriers despite AIIMS. |
| Brain Drain | Specialists may migrate to metros due to better pay & exposure. |
| Infrastructure Strain | Need for allied facilities (blood banks, diagnostics, rural referral linkages). |
| High Disease Burden | NE has highest cancer incidence in India; needs sustained intervention. |
| Coordination Gap | Integration with state health systems often weak. |
C. Government Initiatives
PMSSY Expansion: 22 new AIIMS announced nationwide.
Ayushman Bharat – PMJAY: Provides ₹5 lakh insurance per family; AIIMS Guwahati empanelled.
National Cancer Care Grid (NCCG): Assam’s 17 cancer centres in partnership with Tata Trusts.
E-Sanjeevani: Telemedicine platform rolled out in NE.
Assam Govt Health Schemes: Atal Amrit Abhiyan, Arunodoi (support for poor households).
D. Way Forward
Strengthen Connectivity: Improve road/air links for patients from remote areas.
Capacity Building: Train local doctors, paramedics to reduce overdependence on AIIMS.
Digital Expansion: Scale up AIIMS telehealth to all NE districts.
Research Excellence: Make AIIMS Guwahati a centre of excellence for tribal & lifestyle diseases.
Retention Policies: Incentivise specialists to serve in Assam through allowances & career growth.
Public–Private Partnership: Collaborate with private hospitals to reduce patient load.
📊 Sources for Enrichment
Assam Tribune (06 Sept 2025) – AIIMS Guwahati expansion report. filecite
AIIMS Act, 1956 (amended).
NFHS-5 (2019–21), SRS 2020 data on Assam health indicators.
MoHFW PMSSY updates (2024).
Lancet Report on Cancer Burden in NE (2022).
🧩 Conclusion
The expansion of AIIMS Guwahati is a game-changer for Northeast healthcare. By combining medical excellence, regional research, and digital outreach, it can reduce disparities and serve as a beacon of equitable healthcare in India’s frontier region. However, long-term success will depend on infrastructure linkages, skilled manpower retention, and integration with state health systems.are. While it reduces financial barriers for millions, success will depend on strengthening infrastructure, bridging awareness gaps, and ensuring sustainable financing. If implemented effectively, it can transform Assam into a healthcare equity leader in India’s Northeast.could be a game-changer, integrating the region more closely with ASEAN through tourism-driven prosperity.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
🧩 Topic 1: India–Bhutan Energy Cooperation
Q1. (Statement type)
Consider the following statements regarding India–Bhutan hydropower cooperation:
- Bhutan exports more than 70% of the electricity generated from its hydropower projects to India.
- The Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Project won an international engineering award for excellence.
- Cross-border electricity trade between India and Bhutan is regulated by the Ministry of Power under specific guidelines.
Which of the above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (d)
Explanation:
- Bhutan exports ~75% of its electricity to India (✔).
- Mangdechhu (720 MW) won the Brunel Medal (UK, 2020) (✔).
- Guidelines on Cross-Border Electricity Trade (2018, amended 2022) are issued by Ministry of Power (✔).
Q2. (Match the pairs)
Match the following Bhutan hydropower projects with their capacities:
| Project | Capacity |
| A. Chhukha | 336 MW |
| B. Tala | 1020 MW |
| C. Mangdechhu | 720 MW |
| D. Kurichhu | 60 MW |
Select the correct code:
(a) A–1, B–2, C–3, D–4
(b) A–336, B–1020, C–720, D–60
(c) A–720, B–60, C–336, D–1020
(d) A–60, B–336, C–1020, D–720
✅ Answer: (b)
🧩 Topic 2: Forest Cover Loss in Assam
Q3. (Assertion–Reason)
Assertion (A): Assam has witnessed significant forest cover loss in recent years.
Reason (R): Shifting cultivation (jhum) is the primary cause of deforestation in Assam.
(a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.
(b) A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Deforestation in Assam is largely due to encroachment, illegal logging, mining, and infrastructure projects. Shifting cultivation is more prominent in Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal, but less significant in Assam.
Q4. (Statement type)
Which of the following are correctly matched?
- Dehing Patkai – Declared National Park in 2021, known as “Amazon of the East”.
- Kaziranga – UNESCO World Heritage Site, famous for one-horned rhino.
- Manas – Tiger Reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (d)
🧩 Topic 3: Tea Industry Crisis in Assam
Q5. (Analytical MCQ)
Which of the following factors are contributing to the present tea industry crisis in Assam?
- Stagnant auction prices despite rising input costs.
- Climate variability and pest attacks reducing yield.
- Global oversupply of tea reducing export prices.
- Decline in small tea growers’ share of production.
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
- (1) ✔ Auction prices stagnant.
- (2) ✔ Erratic rainfall/pests → yield loss.
- (3) ✔ Global oversupply depresses prices.
- (4) ❌ Small tea growers’ share is increasing (~50%), not declining.
Q6. (Fact-based)
Which of the following has a registered Geographical Indication (GI) tag from Assam?
(a) Assam Orthodox Tea
(b) Guwahati Tea Auction Centre
(c) Tocklai Tea Research Institute
(d) Assam Green Tea
✅ Answer: (a)
Explanation:
- Assam Orthodox Tea received GI tag in 2007.
- GTAC = auction centre, Tocklai = research institute, Assam Green Tea has no GI yet.
🧩 Topic 4: AIIMS Guwahati Expansion
Q7. (Statement type)
Consider the following statements regarding AIIMS Guwahati:
- It was established under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY).
- It serves as a referral hospital for the entire Northeast, including Sikkim.
- The AIIMS Act, 1956, governs all new AIIMS institutions.
Which of the above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (d)
Q8. (Data-based/Analytical)
According to NFHS-5 (2019–21), which of the following health indicators in Assam are worse than the national average?
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
- Child Malnutrition (stunting)
- Institutional Deliveries
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
✅ Answer: (b)
Explanation:
But institutional deliveries in Assam ~93% (better than national avg ~89%).
IMR in Assam = 32 vs national avg ~28 (worse).
MMR = 195 vs national avg ~103 (worse).
Child stunting higher than national avg.
APSC Mains Practice Question
📝 Question
“The tea industry in Assam, once the backbone of its economy, is now facing structural challenges that threaten its sustainability. Discuss the reasons for the crisis and suggest measures for revival.” (10/15 marks, 150–250 words)
✍️ Model Answer
🔹 Introduction
Assam contributes over 50% of India’s tea output, with the industry providing livelihood to nearly 1 million workers. However, in recent years, the sector has been hit by falling prices, rising input costs, climate shocks, and global competition, leading to a multi-dimensional crisis impacting both planters and workers.
🔹 Body
1. Reasons for the Crisis
- Price Volatility: Auction prices stagnant despite rising production.
- High Input Costs: Fertiliser, packaging, and labour wages have risen sharply.
- Export Slowdown: Global oversupply and demand slump in Europe & Middle East.
- Climate Change: Erratic rainfall, floods, and pest infestations lowering yield.
- Worker Welfare Issues: Poor housing, health, and nutrition; frequent strikes.
- Overdependence on Black Tea: Limited diversification into green, organic, or specialty teas.
2. Consequences
- Threat to small tea growers (1.2 lakh in Assam) whose margins have collapsed.
- Decline in Assam’s export competitiveness compared to Kenya and Sri Lanka.
- Socio-economic distress in tea tribes and estate communities.
3. Measures for Revival
- Price Stabilisation: Explore MSP-like model or minimum floor price.
- Diversification: Promote specialty teas (organic, green, herbal).
- Export Strategy: Tap emerging markets (Africa, SE Asia); aggressive branding of “Assam Tea.”
- Worker-Centric Reforms: Strengthen housing, healthcare, and social security.
- Technology & Research: Collaborate with Tocklai Tea Research Institute (Jorhat) for climate-resilient tea varieties.
- Value Addition: Encourage packaging & retail branding to enhance profitability.
🔹 Conclusion
The crisis in Assam’s tea industry is both an economic and social challenge. Revitalisation requires a multi-pronged approach—price stabilisation, diversification, worker welfare, and climate adaptation. With timely reforms, Assam can sustain its identity as the global hub of premium tea while safeguarding livelihoods of lakhs of workers and growers. translate into meaningful human development.me the cornerstone of India’s UHC journey, ensuring that no citizen is denied healthcare due to medicine costs.
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