APSC Answer Writing (Daily) based on Assam Tribune – 30/04/2026

Model answer

Model Answer

Introduction

Urban flooding, once largely attributed to extreme rainfall, is now increasingly driven by anthropogenic factors such as unplanned urbanisation, ecological degradation, and poor drainage systems. Guwahati exemplifies this transition from natural to man-made flooding.

Nature of the Problem (Guwahati Context)

• Frequent waterlogging even after moderate rainfall
• Rising flood levels annually
• Disruption of daily life and economic activities

👉 Indicates structural and planning deficiencies rather than purely climatic causes.

Human-Induced Causes

A. Unscientific Urban Planning

• Lack of integrated land-use planning
• Construction in low-lying and flood-prone areas

B. Concretization of Surfaces

• Roads, buildings, and drain beds covered with concrete
• Prevents infiltration and groundwater recharge

C. Degradation of Wetlands

• Encroachment of wetlands such as Deepor Beel
• Loss of natural flood buffers

D. Inefficient Drainage Systems

• Poorly designed drains
• Blockage due to solid waste and siltation

E. Institutional Failures

• Fragmented governance
• Weak enforcement of environmental regulations

Impacts

• Environmental: Reduced groundwater levels, ecosystem damage
• Economic: Loss of productivity and infrastructure damage
• Social: Public inconvenience, health risks

Challenges

• Rapid urban expansion
• Lack of coordination among agencies
• Limited adoption of scientific planning
• Resource constraints

Way Forward

1. Eco-sensitive Urban Planning

• Integrate hydrology into city planning

2. Restoration of Wetlands

• Protect and revive natural drainage systems

3. Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)

• Permeable surfaces, rainwater harvesting

4. Strengthen Governance

• Unified urban management authority

5. Public Participation

• Awareness on waste disposal and conservation

🔹 Conclusion Urban flooding in cities like Guwahati is largely a governance and planning failure, not merely a natural disaster. Addressing it requires a shift toward sustainable, ecology-based urban development and integrated governance mechanisms.