APSC Answer Writing (Daily) based on Assam Tribune – 21/04/2026

Model answer

Model Answer

Introduction

Urban flooding has become a recurring phenomenon in Indian cities like Guwahati, Mumbai, and Bengaluru. While intense rainfall acts as a trigger, the severity of flooding is primarily due to anthropogenic factors and governance deficits.

Natural vs Anthropogenic Factors

A. Natural Causes

• High-intensity rainfall
• Climate variability

👉 However, these are triggers, not root causes.

B. Governance & Human-Induced Causes

1. Unplanned Urbanisation

• Rapid expansion without drainage planning
• Increase in impervious surfaces

2. Wetland Encroachment

• Loss of natural sponges (e.g., Deepor Beel in Guwahati)

3. Poor Drainage Infrastructure

• Outdated stormwater systems
• Lack of capacity

4. Lack of Maintenance

• Absence of pre-monsoon desiltation

5. Institutional Failures

• Weak coordination among agencies
• Lack of accountability

Case Study: Guwahati (April 2026)

• Record rainfall (~117 mm)
• Severe waterlogging across city
• Traffic paralysis
• Death due to open drain

👉 Indicates:

• Systemic governance failure rather than natural disaster alone

Impacts of Urban Flooding

• Economic losses
• Public health risks
• Disruption of daily life
• Loss of lives

Challenges

• Rapid urban growth
• Climate change intensifying rainfall
• Encroachment of ecological assets
• Weak urban governance

Way Forward

1. Sustainable Urban Planning

• Integrate hydrological data

2. Protection of Wetlands

• Conserve natural drainage systems

3. Modern Drainage Infrastructure

• Upgrade stormwater networks

4. Regular Maintenance

• Desiltation and monitoring

5. Institutional Reforms

• Accountability mechanisms
• Better coordination

6. Nature-Based Solutions

• Urban wetlands, green spaces

Conclusion

Urban flooding is not merely a natural phenomenon but a reflection of policy failures and poor governance. Addressing it requires a shift toward scientific planning, ecological conservation, and accountable governance to build resilient cities.