APSC Answer Writing (Daily) based on Assam Tribune – 21/07/2026

Model answer

Model Answer

Introduction

According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), urban flooding is primarily caused by unplanned urbanisation, inadequate drainage infrastructure, and loss of natural water bodies, rather than rainfall alone. The recent artificial flooding in Guwahati despite a single day’s intense rainfall highlights the growing interaction between climate change and poor urban planning.

Causes of Artificial Flooding in Guwahati

1. Unplanned Urbanisation

• Rapid concretisation has reduced natural infiltration.
• Expansion into low-lying flood-prone areas.

2. Encroachment of Wetlands and Natural Drains

• Shrinking wetlands such as Silsako Beel and obstruction of traditional bahinis have reduced natural water storage and drainage.

3. Inadequate Storm-water Drainage

• Existing drainage infrastructure is outdated and unable to handle high-intensity rainfall events.

4. Hill Cutting and Land-use Changes

• Deforestation and unregulated construction on surrounding hills increase runoff and siltation of drains.

5. Climate Change

• Rising frequency of extreme rainfall events overwhelms urban drainage systems.

6. Governance Deficits

• Weak enforcement of land-use regulations.
• Poor inter-agency coordination.
• Inadequate maintenance of drainage networks.

Measures for Climate-resilient Urban Flood Management

• Restore and legally protect wetlands, natural drains and flood retention areas.
• Adopt the Sponge City approach through permeable pavements, green roofs and rain gardens.
• Develop GIS- and LiDAR-based integrated urban drainage master plans.
• Upgrade storm-water drainage systems with climate-resilient design standards.
• Strengthen early warning systems using IMD forecasts and AI-based flood prediction.
• Improve solid waste management to prevent blockage of drains.
• Promote community participation and strict enforcement of urban planning regulations.

Conclusion

Urban flooding represents a challenge of governance, ecological degradation and climate adaptation. A shift from reactive flood control to ecosystem-based urban planning, supported by technology and institutional coordination, is essential to build resilient cities. For Guwahati, conserving wetlands and integrating climate-sensitive infrastructure into urban development will be critical for achieving sustainable and resilient growth in line with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).