APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (23/07/2026)
For APSC CCE and other Assam competitive exam aspirants, staying consistently updated with reliable current affairs is essential for success. This blog provides a well-researched analysis of the most important topics from The Assam Tribune dated 23 July 2026. Each issue has been carefully selected and explained to support both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, ensuring alignment with the APSC CCE syllabus and the evolving trends of the examination.
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Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting & Indo-Pacific Peace
Why in News?
At the Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting held in Manila (Philippines), India joined the United States, Japan, and Australia in reaffirming their commitment to a Free, Open, Inclusive, Stable and Prosperous Indo-Pacific. The Ministers reiterated support for ASEAN Centrality, discussed maritime security, critical technologies, humanitarian assistance, and regional stability amid China’s growing military assertiveness in the South China Sea.
Introduction
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is an informal, consensus-based diplomatic partnership between India, the USA, Japan, and Australia dedicated to securing a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific through practical cooperation rather than a military alliance.
Prelims Perspective
- Quad Meeting Location: Manila, Philippines (India represented by EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar).
- Quad Structure: Informal strategic grouping with no treaty, no headquarters, and no collective defence clause.
- Quad Origins: Coordinated response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami; formally proposed by Shinzo Abe in 2007; revived in 2017.
- Indo-Pacific Region: Spans from Eastern Africa to the Pacific Ocean, hosting 60% of global GDP, 65% of the population, and 50% of global maritime trade.
- Strategic Chokepoints: Strait of Malacca, Lombok Strait, Sunda Strait, Bab-el-Mandeb, and Hormuz Strait.
- ASEAN Facts: Established in 1967; Headquarters in Jakarta, Indonesia; 10 member states (India is a Dialogue Partner, not a member).
- UNCLOS (1982): United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, governing global maritime rights and freedom of navigation.
- India’s Strategic Frameworks: SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region, 2015) and IPOI (Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative, 2019 – featuring 7 pillars).
- Key Connectivity Projects (NE India): India-Myanmar-Thailand Highway and Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.
- Key Quad Mechanisms: IPMDA (Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness) and the Quad Vaccine Partnership.
Mains Perspective
- Importance
- Acts as a strategic balancer ensuring a rules-based international order and securing vital Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs).
- Drives economic and technological resilience via supply chain diversification and joint investments in AI, semiconductors, and critical minerals.
- Delivers regional public goods through continuous Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), pandemic response, and Blue Economy development.
- Challenges
- Navigating aggressive Chinese militarization in the South and East China Seas without a formal military or institutional treaty structure.
- Reconciling the diverse strategic priorities of member states while alleviating ASEAN’s fears of great-power rivalry and regional polarization.
- Government & Quad Initiatives
- India: Active implementation of the Act East Policy, SAGAR, IPOI, and Maritime India Vision to project soft power and domain awareness.
- Quad: Operationalizing platforms like IPMDA, Quad Fellowship, Climate Working Group, and the Critical & Emerging Technology Working Group.
- Way Forward
- Prioritize delivering practical public goods—like maritime security and disaster response—to solidify the Quad’s relevance and reinforce ASEAN Centrality.
- Deepen the strategic and economic integration of Northeast India with Southeast Asia by accelerating Act East connectivity projects.
Conclusion
To secure long-term regional stability, the Quad must transcend geopolitical balancing by consistently delivering practical public goods in the Indo-Pacific while firmly anchoring its strategies around ASEAN Centrality and international law.
Implementation of Assam Accord: Foreigners Deportation & Definition of “Assamese”
Why in News?
The Assam Government informed the State Assembly that:
- 2,089 foreigners have been deported, expelled or sent back from Assam during the last 10 years (up to 30 June 2026).
- Of these, 2,023 were Bangladeshi nationals, while others belonged to Myanmar, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Ukraine, Russia, Pakistan, Kenya and Uganda.
- The government also stated that the definition of “Assamese” has not yet been finalised and consultations with stakeholders are continuing.
- The Assembly was further informed that the Government is working towards implementing the recommendations of the Justice Biplab Kumar Sharma Committee through a Group of Ministers (GoM).
Introduction
The Assam Accord (1985) is a landmark tripartite political agreement aimed at resolving illegal immigration and providing constitutional safeguards to protect the political, cultural, and socio-economic identity of the Assamese people.
Prelims Perspective
- Signing Date & Movement: Signed on 15 August 1985 between the Government of India, Government of Assam, AASU (All Assam Students’ Union), and AAGSP (All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad), marking the end of the Assam Agitation (1979–1985).
- Cut-off Date: 24 March 1971 (Midnight) is the official cut-off date for detecting and deporting illegal immigrants.
- Citizenship Criteria Under Accord:
- Before 1 Jan 1966: Recognized as Indian citizens.
- 1 Jan 1966 – 24 March 1971: Granted citizenship post legal registration (subject to a 10-year temporary disenfranchisement).
- After 24 March 1971: Classified as illegal immigrants subject to detection and deportation.
- Key Clauses:
- Clause 5: Detection, deletion from voter lists, and deportation of foreigners.
- Clause 6: Constitutional, legislative, and administrative safeguards for “Assamese people”.
- Clause 7 & 8: Economic development and cultural/heritage promotion.
- 10-Year Deportation Data (Up to June 2026): 2,089 total deported (2,023 Bangladesh, 39 Myanmar, 18 Nigeria, 2 Afghanistan, 2 Ukraine, 2 Russia, 1 Pakistan, 1 Kenya, 1 Uganda).
- Justice Biplab Kumar Sharma Committee: Formed in 2019 by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to recommend measures for implementing Clause 6.
- Foreigners Tribunal (FT): Quasi-judicial bodies established under the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964 to adjudicate foreigner status under the Foreigners Act, 1946.
- National Register of Citizens (NRC): First created in 1951 and updated specifically in Assam under Supreme Court monitoring.
- Constitutional & Legal Linkages: Article 29 (Protection of cultural/linguistic interests), Article 371B (Special provision for Assam), Citizenship Act 1955, and Foreigners Act 1946.
Mains Perspective
Importance
- Cultural & Linguistic: Safeguards indigenous heritage, native dialects, and demography against rapid migration-induced shifts (Article 29).
- Political & Constitutional: Guarantees indigenous political representation and aligns state administrative commitments with federal principles (Article 371B).
- Internal Security: Reinforces border regulation, formal legal documentation, and regional stability in a sensitive frontier state.
Challenges
- Consensus on “Assamese”: Differing claims among diverse indigenous and ethnolinguistic communities delay a universally accepted definition.
- Border Management & Diplomacy: Porous riverine terrain and complex bilateral relations complicate physical deportations.
- Institutional Latency: Backlog in Foreigners Tribunals and administrative complexity in balancing humanitarian due process with legal mandates.
Government Initiatives
- Institutional Action: Constitution of a state Group of Ministers (GoM) to prepare a roadmap for the Biplab Sharma Committee report.
- Border & Legal Enforcement: Deployment of smart fencing/technological surveillance along borders and operationalization of Foreigners Tribunals.
- Civic Identification: Updating the Supreme Court-monitored NRC and conducting continuous stakeholder dialogues.
Way Forward
- Consensus Building: Fast-track inclusive stakeholder consultations to establish a fair definition of “Assamese” and execute Clause 6.
- Technology-Driven Border Security: Integrate modern surveillance tools to secure border points while guaranteeing constitutional due process.
- Judicial Modernization: Streamline Foreigners Tribunal procedures for swift adjudication without compromising civil liberties.
Value Addition
Effective implementation requires balancing constitutional values (Articles 29 & 371B), national security, cultural protection, and humanitarian principles through transparent governance.
Conclusion
A consensus-driven implementation of Clause 6 paired with robust border management is vital to preserving Assam’s unique identity while upholding federal integrity and the rule of law.
Assam MSME Bill, 2026: Towards a Business-Friendly and Inclusive Industrial Ecosystem
Why in News?
The Assam Cabinet has approved the Assam Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Facilitation of Establishment and Operation) Bill, 2026, aimed at simplifying business regulations, reducing compliance burdens, and creating a more investment-friendly environment. The proposed law seeks to promote entrepreneurship, improve ease of doing business, and accelerate industrial growth in Assam by replacing cumbersome approval mechanisms with a facilitative regulatory framework. The editorial argues that, if implemented effectively, the Bill could become a game changer for Assam’s industrial development.
Introduction
The Assam MSME Bill, 2026 is a landmark regulatory reform designed to replace multiple prior approvals with post-establishment compliance, fostering rapid industrialization, job creation, and Ease of Doing Business in the state.
Prelims Perspective
- Core Objective: Replaces multiple prior departmental approvals with a facilitative post-establishment compliance mechanism to improve business certainty.
- Regulatory Shift: Implements a trust-based governance model utilizing self-certification, simplified declarations, digital compliance, and risk-based inspections.
- Revised MSME Classification (Effective 1 April 2025):
- Micro: Investment up to ₹2.5 crore; Turnover up to ₹10 crore.
- Small: Investment up to ₹25 crore; Turnover up to ₹100 crore.
- Medium: Investment up to ₹125 crore; Turnover up to ₹500 crore.
- Target Demographics: First-generation entrepreneurs, women, rural industries, and startups.
- Potential Growth Sectors in Assam: Tea value addition, bamboo, organic agriculture, food processing, handloom, tourism, and biotechnology.
- Major GoI MSME Schemes: PM Vishwakarma, Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE), Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP), and Udyam Registration.
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
Mains Perspective
Importance
- Economic & Regional Growth: Accelerates industrialization, attracts investment, and promotes balanced development in backward districts beyond major urban centers.
- Ease of Doing Business: Replaces administrative bottlenecks with a trust-based mechanism, significantly reducing compliance costs and procedural delays.
- Employment Generation: Spurs mass job creation for rural youth and supports women entrepreneurs across manufacturing, food processing, and allied sectors.
Challenges
- Infrastructure & Financial Gaps: Inadequate industrial estates, poor logistics, and severe credit constraints inhibit small enterprises from scaling effectively.
- Market & Technological Deficits: Limited digitalization, weak technology adoption, and poor linkages to national and global markets reduce MSME competitiveness.
- Administrative Synergy: Transitioning to a trust-based regulatory model requires robust inter-departmental coordination and strict implementation capacity to succeed.
Government Initiatives
- Central Initiatives: Make in India, Startup India, PMEGP, PM Vishwakarma, RAMP, CGTMSE, and the National Single Window System.
- State Initiatives: Assam MSME Bill (2026), Industrial and Investment Policy of Assam, and sector-specific industrial promotion under Advantage Assam.
Way Forward
- Infrastructure & Credit: Develop plug-and-play industrial infrastructure and expand affordable credit access through banks and financial institutions.
- Ecosystem Enhancement: Promote cluster-based development (tea, bamboo, food processing) and build strong industry-academia skill partnerships.
- Digitalization & Monitoring: Incentivize technology adoption, strengthen single-window digital services, and establish robust monitoring to ensure procedural simplification yields real results.
Value Addition
- A facilitative regulatory framework is critical for improving the ease of doing business and promoting initial entrepreneurship.
- However, sustainable industrialization ultimately depends on complementary, long-term investments in physical infrastructure, accessible finance, and skilled human resources.
Conclusion
By shifting from a restrictive, permission-heavy regime to a transparent, trust-based facilitation model, the Assam MSME Bill, 2026 establishes a crucial foundation for rapid economic diversification, inclusive job creation, and sustainable regional growth.
Assam Flood Crisis, Climate Resilience & Disaster Management
Why in News?
Assam is experiencing one of the most severe flood situations of the 2026 monsoon, particularly in the districts of Sivasagar, Charaideo, Jorhat and Golaghat. Continuous heavy rainfall has led to extensive loss of life, displacement, damage to agriculture and infrastructure, and disruption of rail and road connectivity. The editorial argues that while floods are a recurring natural phenomenon in Assam, the scale of destruction reflects deeper governance, ecological and infrastructure challenges that require a long-term resilience-based approach.
Introduction
Assam’s recurring floods, exacerbated by its unique riverine geography and climate change, demand an urgent shift from reactive relief measures to proactive, climate-resilient disaster governance and ecological conservation.
Prelims Perspective
- Geography & Climate: Assam is highly flood-prone due to the vast Brahmaputra and Barak river basins (containing over 50 major tributaries), heavy Southwest Monsoon rainfall, and high riverbed sediment loads.
- Brahmaputra River Origin: Originates in the Angsi Glacier region (Tibet) as the Yarlung Tsangpo, enters India through Arunachal Pradesh as Siang/Dihang, and becomes the Brahmaputra in Assam.
- 2026 Flood Data: Eastern Assam is the worst hit (Sivasagar, Charaideo, Jorhat, Golaghat); rivers like the Brahmaputra, Burhidihing, Desang, and Dhansiri crossed danger levels, submerging over 14,400 hectares of agricultural land.
- Seismic Vulnerability: Assam lies in Seismic Zone V, making river morphology highly dynamic due to tectonic activity.
- Institutional Framework:
- NDMA: Apex disaster body chaired by the PM, established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
- NDRF: Specialized force for search, rescue, and response.
- ASDMA & DDMAs: State and District Disaster Management Authorities handling local flood forecasting, preparedness, and relief.
- Wetland Conservation: Protected under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 and the international Ramsar Convention.
Mains Perspective
A. Importance of Effective Flood Management
- Socio-Economic Shield: Safeguards vital infrastructure, prevents mass displacement, and protects agricultural livelihoods and regional food security.
- Ecological Balance: Conserves wetlands functioning as natural sponges, protects biodiversity, and maintains healthy floodplain ecology.
- Governance & Trust: Strengthens decentralized disaster preparedness and improves rapid inter-departmental coordination during crises.
B. Challenges
- Ecological Degradation & Climate Change: Increasing extreme rainfall events and the rapid loss of wetlands drastically reduce natural flood-buffering capacity.
- Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Unplanned urbanization, encroachment on natural drainage channels, and poor embankment maintenance intensify structural failures.
- Institutional Bottlenecks: Weak inter-agency coordination and limited grassroots community awareness hamper rapid, effective disaster response operations.
C. Government Initiatives
- National Level: Enactment of the Disaster Management Act (2005), NDMA Guidelines, NDRF deployments, Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP), and IMD early warning systems.
- State Level (Assam): Operations guided by ASDMA/DDMAs, real-time flood forecasting systems, embankment strengthening, and community-based disaster preparedness programs.
D. Way Forward
- Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Modernize river embankments, upgrade urban storm-water drainage systems, and construct flood-resistant public buildings, roads, and bridges.
- Nature-Based Solutions: Adopt Integrated River Basin Management, restore vital wetlands, increase catchment afforestation, and strictly protect natural floodplains.
- Adaptive Governance: Mainstream climate resilience into development planning, expand local climate-risk assessments, and promote flood-tolerant agricultural practices.
E. Value Addition for Mains
- Floods in Assam are complex socio-ecological disasters requiring a governance transition from reactive relief policies to proactive, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction that balances development with ecological principles.
Conclusion
Transitioning from short-term relief to building long-term, climate-resilient infrastructure and strictly enforcing wetland conservation is imperative to secure Assam’s socio-economic future against recurring flood disasters.
APSC Prelims MCQs
Q1. With reference to the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), consider the following statements:
- Quad is a treaty-based military alliance similar to NATO.
- The Quad has a permanent secretariat.
- India, Japan, Australia and the United States are members of the Quad.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
Explanation: Quad is an informal strategic partnership, not a military alliance. It has no treaty or permanent secretariat. Its members are India, USA, Japan and Australia.
Q2. Which one of the following best describes the significance of the principle of “ASEAN Centrality” in the Indo-Pacific?
A. ASEAN should function as the regional military alliance.
B. ASEAN should remain the primary platform shaping regional cooperation and architecture.
C. ASEAN should replace the United Nations in regional disputes.
D. ASEAN should regulate maritime trade in the Indian Ocean.
Answer: B
Explanation: ASEAN Centrality means ASEAN-led institutions remain central to regional cooperation, dialogue and security architecture.
Q3. Consider the following pairs:
| Initiative | Objective |
| 1. SAGAR | Maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region |
| 2. Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative | Maritime governance and cooperation |
| 3. Act East Policy | Strengthening India’s engagement with Southeast Asia |
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
A. One only
B. Two only
C. Three
D. None
Answer: C
Explanation: All three initiatives support India’s Indo-Pacific engagement through maritime security, connectivity and regional cooperation.
Q4. With reference to the Assam Accord, consider the following statements:
- It was signed in 1985.
- It fixed 24 March 1971 as the cut-off date for detection of illegal immigrants.
- Clause 6 provides safeguards for preserving Assamese identity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
Explanation: All three statements correctly describe key provisions of the Assam Accord.
Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Foreigners Tribunal:
- It determines whether a person is a foreigner under Indian law.
- It functions under the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964.
- It is a Constitutional body.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
Explanation: Foreigners Tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies created under the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, not Constitutional bodies.
Q6. Clause 6 of the Assam Accord primarily seeks to provide:
A. Reservation in Parliament for Assam
B. Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards for the Assamese people
C. Citizenship to all migrants arriving before Independence
D. Financial assistance to border districts
Answer: B
Explanation: Clause 6 aims to protect the cultural, linguistic, social and political identity of the Assamese people.
Q7. Which of the following is the most important objective of the proposed Assam MSME Bill, 2026?
A. Nationalisation of MSMEs
B. Restricting private investment in industries
C. Simplifying establishment and operation of MSMEs while reducing regulatory burden
D. Replacing all Central MSME schemes
Answer: C
Explanation: The Bill aims to create a facilitative regulatory framework that improves ease of doing business.
Q8. MSMEs in India are presently classified primarily on the basis of:
- Investment in plant and machinery/equipment.
- Annual turnover.
- Number of employees.
Select the correct answer using the code below.
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
Explanation: Current MSME classification is based on investment and turnover, not workforce size.
Q9. Which one of the following is NOT generally regarded as a benefit of promoting MSMEs?
A. Employment generation
B. Balanced regional development
C. Local entrepreneurship
D. Reduction in economic competition
Answer: D
Explanation: MSMEs encourage entrepreneurship and competition rather than reducing competition.
Q10. Which of the following natural features acts as a “natural sponge” by storing excess floodwater and reducing flood peaks?
A. Mangroves
B. Coral reefs
C. Wetlands
D. Sand dunes
Answer: C
Explanation: Wetlands temporarily store floodwater, recharge groundwater and reduce downstream flooding.
Q11. Consider the following factors:
- High sediment load in rivers
- Wetland degradation
- Encroachment of natural drainage channels
- Intense short-duration rainfall
How many of the above can aggravate flood disasters in Assam?
A. One only
B. Two only
C. Three only
D. Four
Answer: D
Explanation: All four factors increase flood intensity, duration or damage.
Q12. With reference to the Disaster Management Act, 2005, consider the following statements:
- It provides the legal framework for disaster management in India.
- The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is chaired by the Prime Minister.
- State Disaster Management Authorities are chaired by the respective Chief Ministers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
Explanation: All three provisions are correct under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
Q13. Which one of the following statements best reflects the concept of climate-resilient infrastructure?
A. Infrastructure designed only for rapid urbanisation.
B. Infrastructure capable of withstanding climate-related hazards while maintaining functionality.
C. Infrastructure constructed only in coastal regions.
D. Infrastructure funded exclusively by multilateral agencies.
Answer: B
Explanation: Climate-resilient infrastructure is planned and built to withstand climate shocks and continue providing essential services.
Q14. With reference to the Brahmaputra River, consider the following statements:
- It is known as Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet.
- It enters India through Arunachal Pradesh.
- It has one of the highest sediment loads among the world’s rivers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
Explanation: All three statements are correct and explain why the Brahmaputra is highly dynamic and flood-prone.
Q15. Which one of the following combinations is correctly matched?
| Programme/Concept | Primary Objective |
| A. SAGAR | Maritime security and cooperation |
| B. Clause 6 of Assam Accord | Delimitation of Assembly constituencies |
| C. Wetlands | Increase river velocity |
| D. MSME Facilitation | Increase regulatory approvals |
A. A only
B. A and B only
C. B and C only
D. A, B, C and D
Answer: A
Explanation:
MSME Facilitation aims to simplify regulations, not increase approvals.
A is correctly matched.
Clause 6 relates to safeguards for the Assamese people, not delimitation.
Wetlands reduce flood intensity rather than increasing river velocity.
APSC Mains Practice Question
📘 GS Mains Model Question (APSC CCE)
📝 Question
Q. “The Quad has evolved beyond a strategic dialogue into a platform for promoting a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific. Discuss the significance of the Quad for India’s strategic interests. Also examine the challenges limiting its effectiveness.” (10 Marks, 150 Words)
Model Answer
Introduction (≈30 words)
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)—comprising India, the USA, Japan and Australia—has emerged as a major strategic platform for promoting a Free, Open and Inclusive Indo-Pacific (FOIP) through cooperation in maritime security, emerging technologies, supply-chain resilience and humanitarian assistance.
Body
Significance of the Quad for India
1. Maritime Security
- Strengthens maritime domain awareness.
- Promotes freedom of navigation and adherence to UNCLOS, 1982.
2. Strategic Balance
- Supports a rules-based international order amid increasing geopolitical competition in the Indo-Pacific.
- Enhances India’s role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region.
3. Economic Security
- Builds resilient supply chains.
- Reduces dependence on single-country manufacturing.
- Encourages cooperation in semiconductors and critical minerals.
4. Technology Cooperation
- Collaboration in AI, cyber security, quantum computing and critical technologies.
5. Disaster Response
- Strengthens Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR).
- Improves coordination during natural disasters and health emergencies.
6. Act East Policy
- Reinforces India’s engagement with ASEAN.
- Supports connectivity and development of Northeast India.
Challenges
- Absence of a treaty or permanent institutional structure.
- Divergent strategic priorities among member countries.
- Concerns among some ASEAN countries regarding major-power rivalry.
- Chinese opposition and regional geopolitical tensions.
- Limited enforcement capacity due to its consensus-based approach.
Conclusion
The Quad’s long-term relevance lies in practical cooperation rather than military alignment. By strengthening maritime security, technological collaboration and resilient connectivity while respecting ASEAN centrality, the Quad can contribute significantly to a stable, prosperous and rules-based Indo-Pacific aligned with India’s strategic interests.
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