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APSC CCE Mains PYQ Solved | APSC CCE 2023 Model Answer

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APSC Mains GS Paper 2: 2023: “India’s participation in global agreements on human rights reflects its commitment to promoting a just and equitable world order.” Discuss this statement with reference to India’s involvement in international agreements and bodies. Evaluate India’s approach to human rights issues at the global level. (10 marks, 150 Words)

Model Answer:

Rooted in the civilizational ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and Article 51 (DPSP), India’s foundational contribution to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)—notably Hansa Mehta’s push for gender-neutral language—underscores its historic commitment to an equitable world order.

India’s Involvement in Global Agreements & Bodies

Core Ratifications: India has ratified 6 of the 9 core UN human rights treaties, including ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).
Active Multilateralism: As a regular elected member of the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (including the recent 2022–24 term and maintaining active engagement toward 2026), India actively shapes global human rights discourse.
Championing the Global South: India consistently frames climate justice, poverty eradication, and the “Right to Development” as fundamental human rights at international forums (e.g., vaccine equity during COVID-19).
Constructive Engagement: India actively participates in the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism, viewing it as a constructive peer-review rather than a punitive tool.

Evaluation of India’s Approach: A Balanced View

1. Strengths and Positive Contributions:

Constitutional Synchrony: Fundamental Rights (Part III) seamlessly integrate UDHR principles, enforced by a fiercely independent Supreme Court.
Institutional Framework: Establishment of the NHRC under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, adhering strictly to the Paris Principles.
On-Ground Protection: As the historically largest contributor to UN Peacekeeping, India has actively protected civilian human rights in global conflict zones.

2. Challenges and Pragmatic Stances:

Sovereignty over Supranationalism: India has not signed the 1951 Refugee Convention or the Rome Statute (ICC) due to national security and sovereignty concerns, though it practically hosts millions of refugees.
UN Special Procedures: India often faces criticism from UN Special Rapporteurs regarding delays in country visit approvals and domestic security laws like UAPA and AFSPA.
Anti-Politicization Stance: India consistently rejects country-specific resolutions at the UNHRC that attempt to “name and shame,” advocating instead for dialogue, capacity-building, and non-interference in internal affairs.

Achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) requires India to continue its legacy as a Vishwa Mitra (Global Friend), balancing sovereign integrity with an unwavering commitment to human-centric global governance.

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