APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (07/07/2025)
For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (07-07-2025). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.
✨ APSC CCE Online Coaching, 2026
🐘 Dehing Patkai National Park: Border Dispute Impacting Conservation
📘 GS Paper 3 (Mains): Environment & Ecology | Forest Conservation | Internal Security
📘 GS Paper 2 (Mains): Centre-State and Inter-State Relations | Governance
📘 GS Paper 5 (APSC): Assam Geography | Forest and Biodiversity | Border Issues
📘 Prelims: National Parks in Assam | Dehing Patkai | Assam-Arunachal Border Dispute | Encroachment
🔹 Introduction
Dehing Patkai National Park, located in Assam’s Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts, has recently come under the spotlight due to encroachment from Arunachal Pradesh, raising serious conservation and governance concerns. This border dispute not only threatens the ecological integrity of the park but also reflects larger challenges in inter-state boundary management in Northeast India.
🔑 Key Points from the News
| Feature | Details |
| Location | Eastern Assam, bordering Arunachal Pradesh |
| Problem | Encroachment of ~145.5 hectares from Arunachal side |
| Border Issue | Lack of natural demarcation in southern portion (Hukanjuri to Nakphan) |
| Impact | Illegal settlements, road and construction activity from Arunachal side |
| Official Apathy | Assam Govt. did not officially treat the area as disputed at time of park notification (2021) |
| Ecological Impact | Threat of habitat fragmentation, logging, hunting, biodiversity loss |
| Forest Dept View | Need for boundary realignment or reclaiming of encroached forest |
| Suggested Measures | Creation of motorable border road for enforcement and patrolling |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
Dehing Patkai National Park: Declared in 2021; also known as “Amazon of the East” for its rainforest ecosystem
Inter-State Border Issues: Assam shares boundary disputes with Arunachal, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram
Hukanjuri Area: One of the sensitive points along the Assam-Arunachal border
Jeypore Reserve Forest: Precursor to Dehing Patkai NP; core of the current disputed zone
Biodiversity Hotspot: Habitat of clouded leopard, hoolock gibbon, Malayan giant squirrel, orchids
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Governs national park status and conservation protocols
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of Dehing Patkai
| Dimension | Importance |
| Ecological | One of the last remaining tropical rainforests in India |
| Biodiversity | Rich in endemic flora and fauna; important elephant corridor |
| Hydrological | Regulates regional water cycle; headwaters of Burhi Dihing |
| Cultural | Sacred to many local communities including Tai Phake and Singpho tribes |
| Strategic | Located near international and inter-state borders |
B. Key Challenges
| Issue | Description |
| Encroachment | Arunachal side settlements and construction within Assam-declared NP |
| Jurisdictional Ambiguity | Omission from disputed zones led to lack of central attention |
| Enforcement Gaps | Inadequate patrolling, lack of forest camps and border road infrastructure |
| Inter-State Tensions | May trigger political dispute and weaken cooperative federalism |
| Administrative Apathy | Forest officials admitted long-standing neglect of encroachment problem |
C. Government & Civil Society Responses
| Stakeholder | Actions/Demands |
| Forest Department | Suggested boundary redefinition or eviction |
| Assam Civil Society | Called for intervention and formation of separate Wildlife Division |
| Conservationists | Urged for urgent road building along Hukanjuri-Nakphan border |
| Arunachal Local Administration | Alleged support for settlers and construction activities |
| State Govt (Assam) | Yet to officially raise issue as territorial conflict |
D. Way Ahead
| Strategy | Suggestion |
| Inter-State Dialogue | Revise Dehing Patkai’s notified boundary via bilateral talks |
| Joint Survey | Undertake GPS-based joint verification of park territory |
| Legal Recourse | Seek Centre’s mediation and possible Supreme Court resolution |
| Park Protection | Strengthen forest infrastructure, build watchtowers and recruit guards |
| Community Partnership | Involve local ethnic groups in conservation and conflict resolution |
📊 Relevant Policies & Frameworks
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Indian Forest Act, 1927
Inter-State Council Mechanism
Northeast Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS)
🧩 Conclusion
The situation at Dehing Patkai highlights the complex interplay between environment, governance, and federalism. Protecting this ecological jewel requires a firm political will, proactive diplomacy between Assam and Arunachal, and strong community-backed conservation action.
🚨 NRC Exclusion and Statelessness: Rising Deaths Among NRC Leftouts in Assam
📘 GS Paper 2 (Mains): Indian Constitution – Citizenship | Welfare of Vulnerable Groups | Governance
📘 GS Paper 3 (Mains): Internal Security | Human Rights
📘 GS Paper 5 (APSC): NRC | Immigration & Identity in Assam | Border Issues
📘 Prelims: NRC | Foreigners Tribunal | D-Voters | Statelessness | Assam Accord
🔹 Introduction
In a deeply concerning development, multiple reports from Assam confirm the deaths of individuals excluded from the National Register of Citizens (NRC). Many of these individuals remained in a legal limbo — neither declared foreigners nor granted Indian citizenship — highlighting the crisis of statelessness, mental trauma, and governance lapses post-NRC publication.
🔑 Key Points from the News
| Feature | Description |
| Total Deaths Cited | 63 deaths of NRC leftouts since August 2019 (NRC publication) |
| Cause of Deaths | Illness, trauma, suicide, mental breakdowns |
| NRC Status | Final list published in August 2019; 19.06 lakh people excluded |
| Legal Status of Excluded | Many yet to be served notice or summoned by Foreigners Tribunals (FTs) |
| Govt Response | FT trials not yet commenced for excluded citizens; no clarification on their legal standing |
| Welfare Access | Excluded persons facing denial of benefits, fear of arrest, social stigma |
| Human Rights Concern | Civil society demanding psychological and legal support to affected families |
| Statutory Gap | No codified procedure for stateless persons in Indian law |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
NRC (National Register of Citizens): Registry to document legal Indian citizens in Assam; linked to Assam Accord (1985).
Cut-off Date: 24 March 1971 (midnight) for proving legal presence in Assam.
Foreigners Tribunal (FT): Quasi-judicial body to determine nationality under Foreigners Act, 1946.
Stateless Person: One who is not considered a national by any country under its laws (UN definition).
D-Voter: Doubtful voter; electoral tag assigned to people whose citizenship is under dispute.
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of the Issue
| Aspect | Impact |
| Constitutional Values | Article 21 (Right to life) is jeopardized by administrative ambiguity |
| Humanitarian Crisis | Denial of access to basic services due to lack of legal identity |
| Governance | NRC aimed to curb illegal immigration, but flawed execution raised legal and social crises |
| Social Tensions | Reinforces ethnic and communal anxieties in Assam’s pluralistic society |
B. Challenges
| Challenge | Description |
| Legal Ambiguity | No law specifies the rights or status of NRC-excluded persons pending FT decision |
| Mental Health Trauma | Fear, humiliation, prolonged uncertainty led to suicides and breakdowns |
| Lack of Appeals Mechanism | Many individuals not even served FT notices; left in documentation limbo |
| Economic & Social Exclusion | Denial from welfare schemes, education, banking, employment |
| Statelessness | India is not a signatory to the UN Statelessness Conventions (1954, 1961) |
C. Government & Judicial Responses
| Institution | Action Taken |
| Supreme Court (SC) | Oversaw NRC update process till 2019; directed no coercive action without FT verdict |
| State Govt | Yet to begin trials for NRC-excluded individuals due to “lack of resources” |
| NHRC & Civil Society | Urged the state to provide psychological and legal aid; investigate deaths |
| UNHCR & Rights Groups | Called for clarity in legal process and safeguards against arbitrary statelessness |
D. Way Ahead
| Measure | Recommendation |
| Legal Finalisation | Expedite FT hearings with adequate legal support and transparency |
| Humanitarian Safeguards | Ensure healthcare, rations, and education irrespective of NRC status |
| Mental Health Support | Set up trauma counselling and legal clinics in NRC-hit areas |
| Statelessness Policy | Frame legal protocol for those left out of NRC and not declared foreign |
| Confidence Building | Reassure affected families via clear communication and local governance outreach |
📊 Relevant Laws & Frameworks
Citizenship Act, 1955 (Amended 2003)
Foreigners Act, 1946
Assam Accord, 1985
Right to Life (Article 21)
UN Conventions on Statelessness (not signed by India)
NHRC Guidelines on Custodial and Vulnerable Deaths
🧩 Conclusion
The NRC fallout has resulted in a legally invisible class of people—excluded yet not foreign, alive yet denied rights. Assam’s identity-driven concerns must be addressed with compassion, clarity, and constitutional commitment, ensuring justice does not turn into institutional cruelty.
🛰️ ISRO-NASA Joint Mission: NISAR’s Role in Monitoring Assam’s Wetlands and Floods
📘 GS Paper 3 (Mains): Science & Technology | Disaster Management | Environmental Conservation
📘 GS Paper 5 (APSC): Assam-Specific Natural Disasters | River and Wetland Monitoring | Application of Space Technology
📘 Prelims: NISAR | SAR Technology | Remote Sensing | ISRO | Brahmaputra Floodplains
🔹 Introduction
The ISRO-NASA joint satellite mission, NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar), is poised to revolutionize flood and wetland monitoring in Assam. With high-resolution, real-time radar data, it will enhance disaster management and conservation of Brahmaputra floodplains and associated wetland systems.
🔑 Key Points from the News
| Feature | Details |
| Satellite Name | NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) |
| Orbit & Launch | Polar sun-synchronous orbit; launched from California in early 2024 |
| Application in Assam | Monitoring wetlands, embankment breaches, river meandering, flood-prone zones |
| Coverage Area | Brahmaputra Valley and Barak Basin |
| Technology Used | Dual-frequency radar – L-band (NASA) + S-band (ISRO) |
| Data Output | Change detection every 12 days; resolution up to 5–10 meters |
| Institutions Involved | Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), NESAC, ISRO |
| Key Focus | Wetlands mapping, sedimentation patterns, disaster early warning |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
NISAR: First radar imaging satellite for global ecosystem and earth surface changes; joint mission between NASA and ISRO
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): Captures earth surface images regardless of cloud or lighting conditions
NESAC: North Eastern Space Applications Centre (Meghalaya), facilitates space data use in NE India
Assam Wetlands: Deepor Beel (Ramsar site), Maguri Beel, Silsako, Chandubi, etc.
Remote Sensing in Disaster Management: Helps in real-time flood mapping, landslide alerts, crop damage assessment
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance for Assam
| Domain | Impact |
| Flood Management | Timely data on embankment breaches and waterlogging in Brahmaputra floodplains |
| Wetland Conservation | Tracks encroachment, sedimentation, and biodiversity loss in vulnerable wetlands |
| Climate Monitoring | Helps understand glacial melt in NE Himalayas, seasonal flow patterns |
| Agriculture | Assists in predicting flood damage to paddy and other seasonal crops |
| Urban Planning | Tracks land use change and wetland encroachment in cities like Guwahati |
B. Challenges in Implementation
| Challenge | Description |
| Data Interpretation | Requires technical capacity and local integration of satellite outputs |
| Connectivity Gaps | Remote flood-hit regions still lack digital infrastructure for alert dissemination |
| Inter-agency Coordination | Coordination between central (ISRO) and state (ASDMA, Forest Dept) bodies often delayed |
| Encroachment Pressure | Real-time data may not translate into administrative action against illegal settlements |
| Public Awareness | Villages often unaware of flood early warning or how to act on it |
C. Institutional & Government Initiatives
| Initiative | Action |
| NISAR Project | Collaborative Earth observation satellite by NASA and ISRO |
| NESAC Integration | Processing radar data for NE-specific flood and wetland alerts |
| Assam SDRF | Uses NISAR input for pre-flood mapping and response |
| Assam State Wetland Authority | Plans to integrate NISAR data into Ramsar site monitoring |
| Ministry of Jal Shakti | Proposed use of satellite imagery for river erosion and siltation assessment |
D. Way Forward
| Strategy | Recommendation |
| Capacity Building | Train ASDMA, district officials, and local NGOs in interpreting satellite data |
| Community-Based Alerts | Use mobile SMS, radio, and community volunteers to disseminate flood warnings |
| Urban Flood Mapping | Apply SAR data to plan Guwahati’s stormwater drainage and prevent flash floods |
| Legal Enforcement | Use data for initiating anti-encroachment action and wetland restoration |
| Academic Partnerships | Engage IIT Guwahati, Tezpur University for data analysis and research dissemination |
📊 Relevant Reports & Frameworks
National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)
National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)
Assam State Disaster Risk Reduction Roadmap
SpaceCom Policy 2020 – Encourages use of Indian space tech in local governance
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands – Deepor Beel is one of Assam’s listed sites
🧩 Conclusion
With Assam facing annual flood devastation and rapid wetland degradation, NISAR’s satellite data provides a critical scientific edge. Timely integration of this technology into policy, governance, and community response systems will mark a new era in flood resilience and ecological sustainability.
🧒 Dropout Crisis in Tea Garden Areas of Assam: Causes, Challenges & Correctives
📘 GS Paper 2 (Mains): Education | Vulnerable Sections | Government Interventions
📘 GS Paper 5 (APSC): Tea Industry | Social Justice in Assam | Tribal & Marginalised Communities
📘 Prelims: Right to Education (RTE) | Special Schemes for Tea Tribes | Dropout Data Assam
🔹 Introduction
Despite multiple educational schemes targeting children in Assam’s tea garden areas, dropout rates remain alarmingly high. A recent survey by All Assam Tea Tribes Students’ Association (AATTSA) reveals the deep-rooted social and systemic factors leading to this educational crisis, especially in upper Assam’s garden belts.
🔑 Key Points from the News
| Feature | Details |
| Survey By | All Assam Tea Tribes Students’ Association (AATTSA) |
| Key Areas Surveyed | Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Charaideo, Jorhat, Golaghat |
| Observation | Children of labourers dropping out after primary or lower secondary level |
| Contributing Factors | Poverty, lack of motivation, absence of role models, early marriage, migration, alcoholism |
| Institutional Deficiencies | Lack of functional schools, no transportation, low teacher attendance in remote gardens |
| Govt. Response | Several schemes exist, but implementation is weak and fragmented |
| Public Appeal | AATTSA urged state to introduce tea belt-specific academic model and monitoring |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
RTE Act, 2009: Guarantees free and compulsory education to children aged 6–14
PM-SHRI Schools: New centrally sponsored model schools
WPT & BC Department, Assam: Nodal for Tea Tribe welfare
Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarships: Offered to tea tribe students under State and Central schemes
Mission Balvatika: Early childhood schooling programme under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Importance of Addressing the Issue
| Area | Relevance |
| Educational Equity | Ensures children from plantation communities are not left behind |
| Women’s Empowerment | Education delays early marriage and opens livelihood options |
| Economic Mobility | Prevents inter-generational poverty by creating skilled workers |
| Tea Industry Sustainability | Educated youth can diversify livelihood and reduce labour dependency |
| Social Justice | Uplifts historically marginalised and under-represented groups |
B. Key Challenges
| Challenge | Description |
| Financial Insecurity | Labourers often can’t afford uniforms, transport, or books despite free tuition |
| Cultural & Gender Norms | Girls pulled out for household work or early marriage |
| Poor Infrastructure | No high schools near gardens; limited hostels |
| Implementation Gap | Existing schemes lack ground-level monitoring and follow-up |
| Language Barrier | Official medium of instruction often not understood by tribal communities |
C. Government and Institutional Initiatives
| Scheme/Body | Role |
| Tea Tribe Welfare Department | Offers scholarships, hostels, and special coaching centres |
| ‘Bodoland Knowledge Mission’ & similar state efforts | Focus on NE-specific education models |
| Mid-Day Meal Scheme | Incentivizes regular attendance till elementary level |
| Digital Outreach | Some NGOs providing online classes and mobile libraries |
| Tea Tribes Development Mission | Skill development and education-focused interventions |
D. Way Ahead
| Strategy | Suggestion |
| Garden-Based Education Hubs | Set up full-cycle schools (nursery to Class 12) near large tea estates |
| Localized Curriculum | Use local language and tribal culture in early education |
| Residential Schools | Expand Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBV) and hostels for tribal children |
| Strengthen Monitoring | Include AATTSA and local bodies in school management committees |
| Career Exposure | Introduce mentorship, role models, and school-college linkages |
📊 Relevant Policies & Reports
NEP 2020 – Focus on equity and inclusion in rural and tribal schooling
Assam School Education Policy (Draft)
UNICEF Report on Child Dropouts (India)
PLFS and UDISE+ Data – Reflects regional dropout trends
National Tribal Youth Report 2024 – Highlights Assam’s plantation children as “at-risk group”
🧩 Conclusion
The persistent dropout crisis among children in Assam’s tea gardens reflects a failure of educational delivery in socio-economically vulnerable zones. A localized, culturally sensitive, and accountable model, co-created with community stakeholders like AATTSA, is essential to break this vicious cycle.
🛑 Online Fraud and Cybercrime in Assam: Rising Threat and Institutional Response
📘 GS Paper 3 (Mains): Internal Security | Cybersecurity | Governance
📘 GS Paper 2 (Mains): Government Policies & Mechanisms | E-Governance
📘 GS Paper 5 (APSC): Crime Trends in Assam | State Cyber Cell | Digital Governance
📘 Prelims: Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) | Cyber Police Station | Section 66 IT Act
🔹 Introduction
With Assam witnessing a surge in online financial fraud and cybercrime, the state police and Union Ministry of Home Affairs have intensified efforts through cyber helplines, rapid freezing of bank accounts, and inter-agency coordination. Recent success in freezing ₹8.27 crore highlights the growing role of digital policing in public safety.
🔑 Key Points from the News
| Feature | Details |
| Cyber Fraud Alert | Assam Police froze ₹8.27 crore linked to cybercrime in June 2025 |
| Number of Bank Accounts Blocked | Over 2,100 accounts and UPI handles frozen |
| Nodal System Used | Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting System (CFCFRS) under Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) |
| MHA’s Directive | Union Home Ministry praised Assam’s performance in prompt grievance redress |
| Reporting Platform | 1930 Helpline and cybercrime.gov.in |
| Mode of Crimes | Fake job offers, investment scams, phishing links, OTP frauds, sextortion |
| Statewide Monitoring | Assam has operationalised a State Cybercrime Coordination Cell (SCCC) |
🧠 Prelims Pointers
I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre): Launched by MHA in 2020 to tackle cybercrime through multi-level coordination
CFCFRS Portal: Enables victims to report frauds and freeze funds within “golden hour”
Section 66C/66D of IT Act, 2000: Punishes identity theft and cheating by impersonation
Digital Arrest Scam: A recent trend where fraudsters impersonate police/courts for extortion
CERT-In: Nodal Indian agency under MeitY to respond to cybersecurity threats
📝 Mains Pointers
A. Significance of the Issue
| Area | Relevance |
| Financial Security | Growth in UPI, mobile banking has increased vulnerability to fraud |
| Public Trust in Digital India | Success of e-governance depends on safe digital transactions |
| National Security | Cybercrime increasingly linked to cross-border networks and darknet |
| State Readiness | Assam’s quick cyber-response model may serve as template for other NE states |
B. Key Challenges
| Challenge | Description |
| Lack of Digital Awareness | Rural and semi-urban users fall prey to scam links and OTP frauds |
| Technical Complexity | Investigating anonymous, encrypted cyber trails is difficult |
| Inter-State Coordination | Fraudsters often operate from other states or countries; delays in freezing funds |
| Underreporting | Victims often hesitate due to shame or lack of awareness |
| Shortage of Skilled Manpower | Cyber cells in Assam under-equipped compared to tech-savvy criminals |
C. Institutional and Government Response
| Body | Role |
| Assam Police Cyber Cell | Receives complaints, coordinates with banks and ISPs |
| Ministry of Home Affairs | Operates I4C and CFCFRS for real-time coordination |
| RBI & Banks | Partner to enable fund freezes and fraud alerts |
| DoT (Department of Telecom) | Blocks fraudulent SIMs and mobile numbers |
| Digital India Mission | Promotes cybersecurity hygiene and digital literacy |
D. Way Forward
| Strategy | Recommendation |
| Public Cyber Hygiene Campaign | Mass campaigns in Assamese and tribal languages on fraud detection |
| School and College Training | Include cybersecurity modules in secondary and higher education |
| Tech-Enabled Policing | Use AI/ML to detect phishing patterns and flag high-risk transactions |
| Dedicated Courts & Fast-Track Trials | For time-sensitive cybercrime cases |
| Northeast Cyber Security Hub | Set up advanced regional forensic labs and training centres |
📊 Relevant Frameworks & Schemes
Cyber Surakshit Bharat
Information Technology Act, 2000 (with 2008 Amendment)
Personal Data Protection Bill (pending)
National Cyber Security Policy 2013 (Revision awaited)
MHA’s National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal
🧩 Conclusion
As Assam rapidly digitizes its financial and governance systems, cybercrime poses a formidable new-age threat. The state’s effective use of the I4C and fund-freezing mechanisms shows promise, but long-term success will depend on citizen awareness, tech capacity, and inter-agency synergy.
APSC Prelims Practice Questions
🔹 TOPIC 1: Dehing Patkai National Park and Inter-State Border Conflict
Q1. Consider the following statements about Dehing Patkai National Park:
- It is located along the Assam-Nagaland border.
- It is the only tropical rainforest in Assam.
- It was notified as a national park in 2021.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
✅ Answer: (b)
📘 Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect: Dehing Patkai is along the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border, not Nagaland.
- Statement 2 is correct: It is Assam’s only tropical rainforest, often referred to as the “Amazon of the East.”
- Statement 3 is correct: It was declared a national park in 2021.
Q2. Which of the following is a major concern related to Dehing Patkai National Park recently reported in the news?
(a) Poaching of one-horned rhinoceros
(b) River pollution due to oil spills
(c) Inter-state encroachment from Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Forest fires due to shifting cultivation
✅ Answer: (c)
📘 Explanation:
Encroachment from Arunachal Pradesh into Assam’s notified Dehing Patkai National Park has raised administrative and ecological concerns.
🔹 TOPIC 2: NRC Leftouts and Statelessness
Q3. With reference to the NRC process in Assam, consider the following statements:
- NRC is a statutory register of Indian citizens compiled under the Citizenship Act, 1955.
- Foreigners Tribunals are empowered to declare a person stateless.
- NRC is being implemented in Assam as per the cut-off date of 24th March 1971.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
✅ Answer: (c)
📘 Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: NRC is linked to Section 14A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, though its implementation was court-monitored.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: Foreigners Tribunals can declare someone as a foreigner, but not stateless (no such legal provision in Indian law).
- Statement 3 is correct: As per the Assam Accord (1985), 24 March 1971 is the legal cut-off date.
Q4. The term “stateless person” as per the UN definition refers to:
(a) A person who has committed cross-border crimes
(b) A refugee who has applied for asylum but was denied
(c) A person not considered a national by any country under the operation of its law
(d) A person whose name is excluded from NRC
✅ Answer: (c)
📘 Explanation:
The 1954 UN Convention defines a stateless person as one “not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law.” India is not a signatory to this convention.
🔹 TOPIC 3: NISAR and Flood Monitoring in Assam
Q5. The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite is primarily used for:
(a) Monitoring air pollution in urban areas
(b) Assessing the strength of cyclones in deep sea
(c) Detecting changes in Earth’s surface, including glaciers and wetlands
(d) Providing GPS navigation to rural areas
✅ Answer: (c)
📘 Explanation:
NISAR uses dual-frequency radar to detect minute changes in Earth’s surface—including wetland shrinkage, flood spread, glacier movement, and forest loss.
Q6. Consider the following features of NISAR:
- It is jointly developed by ISRO and NASA.
- It operates only in the optical range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- It provides high-resolution Earth images even through cloud cover.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
📘 Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: NISAR is a joint mission between NASA and ISRO.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: It uses Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), not optical.
- Statement 3 is correct: SAR can penetrate clouds and darkness, making it ideal for flood monitoring.
🔹 TOPIC 4: School Dropouts in Tea Garden Areas
Q7. Which of the following are reasons for high dropout rates among children in Assam’s tea garden communities?
- Lack of accessible schools and transport
- Household poverty and alcoholism
- Language barriers in early education
- Excessive focus on vocational training in early years
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
✅ Answer: (a)
📘 Explanation:
- 1, 2, and 3 are well-documented factors in dropout surveys.
- Statement 4 is incorrect: The problem is lack of quality schooling, not excessive vocational training.
Q8. Which of the following schemes specifically targets the welfare of children in tea tribe communities of Assam?
(a) PM Poshan Abhiyaan
(b) Samagra Shiksha
(c) Tea Tribes Development Mission
(d) PM Jan Vikas Karyakram
✅ Answer: (c)
📘 Explanation:
Tea Tribes Development Mission (TTDM) is a state-level initiative providing education, skill development, and healthcare specifically for the tea tribe population in Assam.
🔹 TOPIC 5: Cybercrime and Digital Fraud in Assam
Q9. Which of the following is/are functions of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)?
- Coordination of cybercrime investigations across states
- Real-time freezing of bank accounts used in fraud
- Framing laws and punishments for cyber offenses
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (a)
📘 Explanation:
- I4C is a coordination platform by MHA.
- It helps states freeze suspect accounts via the Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting System (CFCFRS).
- Framing laws is not its function; that falls under the Legislature and Ministry of Law/IT.
Q10. Which of the following cyber laws in India deal with identity theft and online cheating?
- Section 66C of the IT Act, 2000
- Section 66D of the IT Act, 2000
- Section 420 of IPC
Select the correct answer:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: (d)
📘 Explanation:
Section 420 IPC: Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property
Section 66C: Identity theft
Section 66D: Cheating by impersonation using communication devices
APSC Mains Practice Question
❓ Question:
With increasing digital penetration, cybercrime has emerged as a critical internal security threat in India. Discuss the recent trends in cyber frauds in states like Assam and evaluate the institutional mechanisms available to tackle them. Suggest measures to strengthen India’s cyber resilience.
(Word Limit: 250)
✅ Model Answer:
🔸 Introduction
As India advances towards a digital economy, it faces a sharp rise in cybercrime—particularly financial fraud, identity theft, and phishing. In states like Assam, the threat has become acute due to rapid digital adoption, limited awareness, and infrastructural gaps.
🔹 Emerging Trends in Cybercrime (Assam-specific)
- Online financial frauds via phishing links, fake job portals, and sextortion.
- Use of UPI and digital wallets as conduits for fraud.
- “Digital arrest” scams impersonating police/court officials.
- Cross-border elements involved through spoofed IPs and darknet tools.
Recent data (June 2025): Assam Police froze ₹8.27 crore in fraud-linked bank accounts using I4C’s CFCFRS portal, blocking over 2,100 bank and UPI handles.
🔹 Institutional Mechanisms in Place
- I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre): Central platform for multi-agency response.
- Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting System (CFCFRS): Enables freezing of stolen funds within “golden hour.”
- Cybercrime Helpline 1930 and portal cybercrime.gov.in.
- State Cyber Cells: Assam operationalized its State Cybercrime Coordination Cell (SCCC) for quicker response.
🔹 Challenges Faced
- Low digital literacy among rural users.
- Underreporting due to fear or lack of awareness.
- Limited capacity in cyber forensics and tracking encrypted data.
- Delayed inter-state coordination in freezing fraudulent accounts.
🔹 Way Forward
- Mass cyber awareness campaigns in regional languages.
- Cybersecurity curriculum in schools and colleges.
- Public-private partnerships for AI-based fraud detection tools.
- Capacity building for police and judiciary in cyber law and forensics.
- Regional cyber forensic labs in NE states to reduce reliance on Delhi or Hyderabad centers.
🔸 Conclusion
Cybercrime is no longer a peripheral issue but a core internal security concern. Assam’s recent success in blocking fraudulent transactions demonstrates the value of proactive digital policing, but long-term resilience depends on education, coordination, and continuous tech upgradation.
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Thank you so much… thank you so much for the analysis