APSC Current Affairs: Assam Tribune Notes with MCQs and Answer Writing (25/10/2024)

For APSC CCE and other Assam Competitive examinations aspirants, staying updated with current affairs is vital. This blog covers most important topics from the Assam Tribune today (25-10-2024). These issues are key for both APSC Prelims and Mains preparation, offering insights into the APSC CCE Syllabus.

1.  National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Investment in Arunachal Pradesh

GS Paper 3: Economic Development, Infrastructure

Introduction:
The National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) has announced a significant investment in hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh. This move is expected to boost India’s renewable energy capacity and strengthen energy security in the Northeastern region, which has abundant hydropower potential.

Key Points:

• NHPC has committed to a ₹12,000 crore investment in developing two hydroelectric projects in Arunachal Pradesh.
• The initiative includes the construction of the Dibang Multipurpose Project and Subansiri Lower Project, expected to generate over 4,800 MW.
• The projects are part of India’s strategy to enhance renewable energy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
• It is also seen as a strategic measure to assert control over transboundary rivers originating from China, ensuring India’s water security.

Prelims Pointers:

• NHPC: A central public sector enterprise focusing on hydroelectric power generation.
• Dibang Multipurpose Project: One of India’s largest hydroelectric projects.
• Subansiri Lower Project: A major hydropower initiative on the Subansiri River in Arunachal Pradesh.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Energy Security: Increases India’s renewable energy capacity, contributing to long-term energy needs.
   • Regional Development: Promotes economic development in the Northeast, creating employment and infrastructure.
   • Climate Change Mitigation: Supports India’s commitments to reducing carbon emissions under international climate agreements.
   • Water Security: Strengthens India’s control over water resources in the Brahmaputra basin, crucial for downstream states like Assam.
   • Strategic Presence: Enhances India’s presence in Arunachal Pradesh, reinforcing its claim over disputed territories with China.
2. Challenges:
   • Environmental Concerns: Large-scale hydroelectric projects can disrupt local ecosystems and biodiversity.
   • Displacement Issues: Involves the displacement of local communities, leading to socio-economic disruptions.
   • Geological Vulnerabilities: The region’s seismic activity poses risks to dam safety and project sustainability.
   • Inter-state Water Disputes: Potential conflicts between Arunachal Pradesh and downstream states like Assam regarding water flow and usage.
   • China’s Water Infrastructure: China’s dam-building activities on upstream rivers can impact the flow into Indian projects.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Environmental Impact Assessment: Conduct comprehensive assessments to minimize ecological damage.
   • Community Engagement: Involve local communities in the planning and execution phases to ensure smooth rehabilitation.
   • Technological Upgrades: Use advanced technology to enhance the efficiency and safety of hydroelectric dams.
   • Regional Cooperation: Foster cooperation between Northeast states for balanced water usage.
   • Diplomatic Dialogue: Engage with China on transboundary river management to ensure sustained water flow.

Conclusion:
NHPC’s investment in Arunachal Pradesh’s hydropower sector represents a strategic opportunity to boost renewable energy and regional development. Balancing ecological concerns with developmental needs will be crucial for sustainable progress.

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2. Asian Development Bank (ADB) Loan for Assam’s Renewable Energy

GS Paper 3: Economic Development, Environment

Introduction:
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a USD 434.25 million loan to support Assam’s renewable energy projects. The focus is on expanding solar energy capacity to 3,000 MW by 2030 and enhancing the state’s energy security.

Key Points:

• The loan aims to establish a 500 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) facility in Karbi Anglong district.
• ADB will support the development of grid-connected battery energy storage systems.
• The initiative aligns with Assam’s goals to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and increase renewable energy capacity.
• The project will involve public-private partnerships (PPP) to attract investments and manage renewable energy projects.

Prelims Pointers:

• ADB: A regional development bank focused on promoting social and economic development in Asia.
• Solar PV Facility: A plant that converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells.
• PPP: Public-Private Partnership, a cooperative arrangement between public and private sectors.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Energy Security: Enhances Assam’s capacity to meet rising energy demands sustainably.
   • Climate Change Mitigation: Reduces greenhouse gas emissions by shifting to renewable energy.
   • Economic Growth: Attracts investment in the renewable energy sector, boosting local industries.
   • Job Creation: Development of renewable energy projects creates employment opportunities.
   • Alignment with National Goals: Supports India’s commitments to renewable energy targets under international climate agreements.
2. Challenges:
   • High Initial Investment: Establishing solar facilities and storage systems requires substantial upfront costs.
   • Land Acquisition: Identifying and acquiring suitable land for large solar projects can be challenging.
   • Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Issues like grid connectivity and transmission losses can hamper efficiency.
   • Policy Implementation: Effective coordination between state and central policies is essential.
   • Technological Adaptation: Need for a skilled workforce to operate and maintain advanced renewable energy systems.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Streamlining Approvals: Fast-track permissions for renewable energy projects to ensure timely execution.
   • Community Engagement: Involve local communities in planning and provide benefits like jobs and training.
   • Focus on Storage Solutions: Develop advanced energy storage systems to manage renewable energy fluctuations.
   • Capacity Building: Train personnel in new technologies to maintain the infrastructure.
   • Incentivizing Private Investment: Provide tax benefits and subsidies to attract more private players.

Conclusion:
ADB’s support for Assam’s renewable energy sector presents a strategic opportunity to boost energy security and environmental sustainability. By addressing challenges effectively, Assam can become a leader in green energy and contribute significantly to India’s renewable energy goals.

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3. Kaziranga National Park’s Eco-Sensitive Zone Issue

GS Paper 3: Environment and Ecology

Introduction:
Kaziranga National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Assam, has faced challenges in notifying its Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ). The recent petition in the Gauhati High Court highlights concerns over the delay in notification and the mushrooming of resorts in the park’s animal corridors.

Key Points:

• The High Court kept the petition pending, awaiting a Supreme Court judgment on a similar matter.
• The petition demands notification of ESZs to control unplanned development and protect wildlife corridors.
• Illegal construction of resorts poses threats to wildlife movement, especially in nine identified animal corridors.
• The State government has been slow in fulfilling the Centre’s 2002 directive for notifying ESZs in protected areas.

Prelims Pointers:

• Kaziranga National Park: Known for its one-horned rhinoceros, it is a critical biodiversity hotspot.
• Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ): Buffer zones around protected areas aimed at minimizing human impact.
• Wildlife Corridors: Natural routes used by wildlife to move between habitats.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Wildlife Conservation: ESZs ensure protection of endangered species like the one-horned rhino.
   • Biodiversity Protection: Preserves the ecological balance of one of India’s richest ecosystems.
   • Tourism Management: Helps regulate tourism activities to ensure they are eco-friendly.
   • Sustainable Development: Balances conservation needs with development goals.
   • Legal Compliance: Aligns with Supreme Court directives on maintaining ecological integrity.
2. Challenges:
   • Delays in Notification: Prolonged delays in notifying ESZs undermine conservation efforts.
   • Unregulated Tourism: Rapid growth of resorts without proper regulations threatens wildlife.
   • Human-Wildlife Conflict: Disruption of wildlife corridors increases the risk of conflict.
   • Coordination Issues: Challenges in aligning state and central policies for ESZ management.
   • Resistance from Local Stakeholders: Local economic interests often clash with conservation goals.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Expedite Notification Process: Fast-track the ESZ notification to provide legal protection.
   • Strict Regulation of Development: Enforce rules to prevent illegal construction in sensitive zones.
   • Community Involvement: Engage local communities in conservation efforts through incentives.
   • Eco-Tourism Initiatives: Promote sustainable tourism that benefits both local economies and conservation.
   • Monitoring Mechanisms: Set up real-time monitoring of wildlife corridors to ensure minimal disruption.

Conclusion:
Addressing the Kaziranga ESZ issue is crucial for balancing development and conservation. Proper regulation and timely notification of sensitive zones will ensure the protection of Kaziranga’s rich biodiversity and its ecological significance.

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4.  India-China Consensus on LAC Patrolling

GS Paper 2: International Relations

Introduction:
India and China reached a consensus on restoring the “ground situation” along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) after a prolonged military standoff. The agreement, achieved through military and diplomatic channels, aims to ensure peaceful patrolling and engagement in traditional areas.

Key Points:

• The agreement follows a series of talks to resolve tensions in eastern Ladakh.
• It allows for patrolling and grazing rights in Depsang and Demchok areas, key friction points.
• The initiative underscores the importance of continuous dialogue between the two countries.
• It aims to prevent future conflicts along the LAC and stabilize the border situation.

Prelims Pointers:

• LAC: Line of Actual Control, the demarcation between Indian and Chinese territories.
• Depsang and Demchok: Key areas of tension in the India-China standoff.
• BRICS Summit: Provided a platform for endorsing the agreement between India and China.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Regional Stability: Contributes to peace in the strategically significant Himalayan region.
   • Bilateral Relations: Restores a measure of trust between India and China post-Galwan conflict.
   • Security Cooperation: Sets a precedent for handling border issues through dialogue.
   • Economic Interests: Ensures stability which is critical for trade and investment flows in the region.
   • International Perception: Demonstrates India’s balanced approach in managing relations with China.
2. Challenges:
   • Trust Deficit: Previous instances of border skirmishes create a lack of mutual trust.
   • Varying Perceptions of LAC: Different interpretations of the LAC remain a contentious issue.
   • Potential for Escalation: Risk of future confrontations if consensus is not respected on the ground.
   • Domestic Pressures: Both governments face pressure to maintain a firm stance on border integrity.
   • Infrastructure Development: Concerns over military infrastructure development close to the LAC by both sides.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Strengthening Diplomatic Channels: Regular dialogues at military and diplomatic levels.
   • Building Confidence Measures: Implementing measures like joint patrolling to build trust.
   • Engaging Regional Partners: Collaborating with neighboring countries for a balanced approach to regional security.
   • Investing in Infrastructure: Strengthening India’s border infrastructure to ensure readiness.
   • Focus on Economic Cooperation: Leveraging trade and economic engagements to reduce tensions.

Conclusion:
The recent consensus between India and China on the LAC is a positive step towards maintaining peace along the border. It emphasizes the value of dialogue in resolving complex international issues, contributing to regional stability and bilateral cooperation.

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5.  India’s Efforts in Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure in the Northeast

GS Paper 2: Governance, Health

Introduction:
India’s Northeast region has seen a concerted effort to strengthen healthcare infrastructure through initiatives like establishing new medical colleges and improving access to advanced medical facilities. These efforts aim to address regional disparities and provide better healthcare access to remote areas.

Key Points:

• The Union Health Ministry has approved the establishment of three new medical colleges in Assam and one in Arunachal Pradesh.
• Focus on providing specialized care facilities such as trauma centers and telemedicine networks in remote areas.
• Investment in building critical care units to tackle high infant mortality and maternal mortality rates.
• The initiative is aligned with the National Health Mission’s goal to provide equitable healthcare access.

Prelims Pointers:

• National Health Mission (NHM): A program aimed at providing accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare services.
• Telemedicine: Use of technology to provide remote diagnosis and treatment.
• IMR and MMR: Infant Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Rate, key indicators of healthcare quality.

Mains Pointers:

1. Importance:
   • Healthcare Access: Provides quality medical services in underserved regions, reducing dependency on metropolitan cities.
   • Skill Development: Establishing medical colleges fosters local talent and creates job opportunities in healthcare.
   • Economic Benefits: Improved health outcomes contribute to the overall economic productivity of the region.
   • Reduction in Out-of-Pocket Expenses: Better local facilities reduce the need for expensive treatments outside the state.
   • Disaster Preparedness: Improved healthcare infrastructure is critical for managing disaster-related injuries in the Northeast.
2. Challenges:
   • Skilled Manpower Shortage: Difficulty in retaining specialists in remote regions.
   • Geographical Constraints: Hilly terrain and inadequate connectivity hinder access to healthcare facilities.
   • Infrastructure Gaps: Existing hospitals require upgrades to handle specialized treatments.
   • Cultural Barriers: Language and cultural differences can impact the delivery of healthcare services.
   • Financial Constraints: Sustained investment is needed to maintain the newly established facilities.
3. Way Ahead:
   • Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage private investment in healthcare infrastructure.
   • Focus on Telemedicine: Expand telemedicine networks to connect remote areas with specialized healthcare services.
   • Skill Development Programs: Train local youth as paramedics and healthcare support staff.
   • Improving Connectivity: Invest in better road and air connectivity for easier access to medical services.
   • Community Outreach: Engage local communities in health awareness campaigns to improve health-seeking behavior.

Conclusion:
Strengthening healthcare infrastructure in the Northeast is critical for regional equity and national growth. A focus on sustainable investments, skilled manpower, and technological integration can ensure long-term benefits for the health and well-being of the region’s population.

APSC Prelims Practice Questions

Topic 1: NHPC Investment in Arunachal Pradesh

Question 1: Consider the following statements regarding the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) and its projects in Arunachal Pradesh:

1. NHPC is a private-sector enterprise responsible for hydroelectric power generation in India.
2. The Dibang Multipurpose Project in Arunachal Pradesh is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in India.
3. The Subansiri Lower Project is located on a river that is a tributary of the Brahmaputra.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect because NHPC is a central public sector enterprise (CPSE) and not a private entity. It is responsible for developing hydroelectric power in India.
• Statement 2 is correct as the Dibang Multipurpose Project is among India’s largest hydroelectric projects.
• Statement 3 is correct because the Subansiri River, where the Subansiri Lower Project is located, is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River.
  Thus, the correct answer is B.

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Topic 2: Asian Development Bank (ADB) Loan for Assam’s Renewable Energy

Question 2: Which of the following are the objectives of the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) recent loan to Assam?

1. Establishment of a 500 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) facility.
2. Construction of nuclear power plants in the Northeast.
3. Development of grid-connected battery energy storage systems.
4. Expansion of thermal power plants to increase energy capacity.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 3, and 4 only

Answer: B. 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct as the ADB loan includes the establishment of a 500 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) facility in Karbi Anglong district of Assam.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because the loan does not pertain to nuclear power plant development.
• Statement 3 is correct as the loan supports the development of grid-connected battery energy storage systems to manage renewable energy.
• Statement 4 is incorrect as there is no focus on expanding thermal power plants; the emphasis is on renewable energy.
  Thus, the correct answer is B.

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Topic 3: Kaziranga National Park’s Eco-Sensitive Zone Issue

Question 3: Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ)?

1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are buffer areas around protected regions aimed at regulating certain activities to minimize negative impacts on the environment.
2. The concept of ESZs was introduced by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2010.
3. The declaration of ESZs around Kaziranga National Park has faced delays due to pending legal proceedings in the Supreme Court.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B. 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct. Eco-Sensitive Zones act as buffers around protected areas to limit activities that might harm the environment, such as construction and industrial activities.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. The concept of ESZs was introduced by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) and not by the NGT.
• Statement 3 is correct as the delay in the notification of ESZs around Kaziranga National Park is due to pending legal matters in the Supreme Court.
  Thus, the correct answer is B.

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Topic 4: India-China Consensus on LAC Patrolling

Question 4: With reference to the recent consensus between India and China on the Line of Actual Control (LAC), consider the following statements:

1. The consensus allows for mutual patrolling rights in the Depsang and Demchok areas.
2. The agreement was reached during the BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia.
3. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) demarcates the boundary between India and Nepal.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct as the recent consensus between India and China allows for mutual patrolling and grazing rights in areas like Depsang and Demchok.
• Statement 2 is correct because the agreement between the two countries was formalized during talks surrounding the BRICS Summit in Kazan.
• Statement 3 is incorrect. The LAC demarcates the boundary between India and China, not Nepal.
  Thus, the correct answer is A.

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Topic 5: India’s Efforts in Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure in the Northeast

Question 5: Which of the following initiatives are associated with India’s recent efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure in the Northeast region?

1. Establishment of new medical colleges in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
2. Development of trauma centers in remote areas.
3. Introduction of advanced nuclear medicine facilities in the region.
4. Expansion of telemedicine networks for remote consultations.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, and 4 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2, 3, and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer: A. 1, 2, and 4 only

Explanation:

Statement 4 is correct as telemedicine networks are being expanded to provide remote consultations, bridging the gap in healthcare access in isolated areas.
Thus, the correct answer is A.

Statement 1 is correct as new medical colleges are being set up in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh to improve access to medical education and services.

Statement 2 is correct as the focus includes developing trauma centers in remote areas to address emergency medical needs.

Statement 3 is incorrect as there is no specific mention of introducing nuclear medicine facilities in the region in the recent efforts.

APSC Mains Practice Question

Question: “Discuss the potential and challenges of hydropower development in the Northeast region, with a particular focus on the recent investments by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) in Arunachal Pradesh. How can sustainable hydropower projects contribute to India’s energy security while balancing environmental and social concerns?” (250 words)

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Model Answer:

Introduction:
The Northeast region of India, particularly Arunachal Pradesh, is endowed with substantial hydropower potential. Recent investments by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) in projects like the Dibang Multipurpose Project and Subansiri Lower Project aim to harness this potential, providing a significant boost to India’s renewable energy capacity and contributing to energy security.

Body:
Potential of Hydropower Development:

• Energy Capacity: Arunachal Pradesh alone has an estimated hydropower potential of over 50,000 MW, making it a critical region for expanding India’s renewable energy portfolio.
• Renewable and Clean Energy: Hydropower is a non-polluting, renewable energy source, essential for reducing carbon emissions and meeting India’s climate goals.
• Regional Development: Hydropower projects can drive infrastructure growth, improve connectivity, and create employment in remote areas of the Northeast.
• Strategic Significance: Development of hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh strengthens India’s presence in border areas, especially along the Brahmaputra basin, which has strategic importance vis-à-vis China.

Challenges of Hydropower Development:

• Environmental Impact: Large hydropower projects can lead to deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and changes in riverine ecosystems, affecting aquatic life.
• Displacement of Communities: Projects like the Dibang Multipurpose Project involve displacement of local communities, leading to socio-economic disruptions.
• Geological Vulnerabilities: The Northeast is a seismically active zone, making large dam projects vulnerable to earthquakes and landslides.
• Inter-State Water Disputes: Conflicts can arise between Arunachal Pradesh and downstream states like Assam over water flow, usage, and flood management.
• China’s Upstream Activities: China’s construction of dams on transboundary rivers like the Brahmaputra poses risks to India’s water security.

Way Forward:

• Sustainable Project Design: Incorporating fish ladders, sediment management, and maintaining minimum ecological flows can mitigate environmental impacts.
• Community Engagement: Involving local communities in decision-making and providing fair compensation and rehabilitation packages can reduce resistance.
• Focus on Small and Medium Projects: Prioritizing smaller hydropower projects can reduce environmental and social costs while still contributing to energy needs.
• Strengthening Infrastructure: Improving the resilience of dams and infrastructure against seismic activity is crucial for safety.
• Diplomatic Engagement with China: India should enhance dialogue with China for coordinated management of transboundary rivers to ensure sustained water flow for hydropower projects.

Conclusion:
Hydropower development in Arunachal Pradesh offers significant opportunities for enhancing India’s energy security while promoting regional development. However, balancing this potential with environmental sustainability and social equity is key to the success of these projects. By adopting a sustainable approach and engaging stakeholders, India can leverage its hydropower resources to support a greener future.

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